Renewed Religious Struggle
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598)
England and Spain (1553-1603)
The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
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| 1672631709 | baroque | A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation. 355 | 0 | |
| 1672631710 | Congregationalists | they put a group or assembly about any one individual and prefer an ecclesiastical polity that allows each congregation to be autonomous, or self-governing. 371 | 1 | |
| 1672631711 | Counter-Reformation | The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation. 355 | 2 | |
| 1672631712 | Huguenots | French Calvinists. 356 | 3 | |
| 1672631713 | politiques | Rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well-being of their states above all else. 355 | 4 | |
| 1672631714 | Presbyterians | Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semiautonomous congregations governed by "presbyteries." 371 | 5 | |
| 1672631715 | presbyters | "elder" People who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations. 355 | 6 | |
| 1672631716 | Thirty-Nine Articles | The official statement of the beliefs of the Church of England. They established a moderate form of Protestantism. 367 | 7 | |
| 1672631717 | The Age of Religious Wars | New confessional & dynastic rivalries born of the Reformation continued to fuel bloody wars. Genuine religious belief & uncompromising dynastic expansion fueled the wars during the late sixteenth & seventeenth centuries. | 8 | |
| 1672631718 | The Thirty Years' War | 1618-1648 The wars of religion were both internal national conflicts & truly international wars. Four major phases: the Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, & Franco-Swedish phase. The Treaty of Westphalia ended the war & gave the Germans the right to choose their religion. | 9 | |
| 1672631719 | Huguenots | Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants. | 10 | |
| 1672631720 | Catherine de Médicis | 1559 wife of Henry II, while her four sons inherited the french throne, she kept all the real leadershipower | 11 | |
| 1672631721 | The Edict of Nantes | Henry IV recognized minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially a Catholic French Country.—granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right of assembly, admission to public offices & universities, & permission to maintain fortified towns | 12 | |
| 1672631722 | Henry IV | (1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass." | 13 | |
| 1672631723 | Philip II | (r. 1556-1598) Absolute monarch of Spain who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England. | 14 | |
| 1672631724 | Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Catherine convinces her son King Charles IX that a Huguenot coup was about to happen, Response is on August 24, 1572 - Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred in Paris / within three days 20,000 other Protestants are also killed in France | 15 | |
| 1672631725 | politiques royals | Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, & William of Orange all put the success and well-being of their states above religious. | 16 | |
| 1672631726 | William of Orange | (1533-1584) known as the silent because of his small circle of confidants; placed political above religion; was a Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist; Spanish overlord who attempted to reimpose traditional rule; organized Dutch nobility in opposition that gained Granvelle's removal from office in 1564; leader of a broad movement for the independece of the Netherlands from Spain | 17 | |
| 1672631727 | Henry of Navarre | Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. | 18 | |
| 1672631728 | Elizabeth I | (1589-1610) Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations | 19 | |
| 1672631730 | Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 | Ended the thirty years war, it was written in French and stated that the ruler of a land would determine the lands official religion of that land. It also gave Calvanists legal recognition. | 20 | |
| 1673440337 | Huguenots | French Protestants; French Calvinists | 21 | |
| 1673440338 | Edict of Fontainbleau | Issued by Louis XIV of France in October 1685, revoking the Edict of Nantes. Ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools. Rights previously guaranteed to French Huguenots by the Edict of Nantes had been withdrawn. | 22 | |
| 1673440339 | Henry II (Fr.) | • Opposed the spread of Calvinism, 1550 's Persecuted Huguenots | 23 | |
| 1673440340 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states. | 24 | |
| 1673440341 | Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis | end of the Habsburg-Valois wars, Spain was victor, France had to pay huge indemnity to Spain. | 25 | |
| 1673440342 | Catherine de Medici | Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre. | 26 | |
| 1673440343 | Francis II | Eldest son of Henry II, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Huguenots tried to kidnap him in the Conspiracy of Amboise. | 27 | |
| 1673440344 | Bourbons | Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons. | 28 | |
| 1673440345 | Montmorency-Chatillon | One of three powerful French families fighting for control of throne. Power = central France. Sympathy for Huguenots (mostly for political reasons). | 29 | |
| 1673440346 | Guise (Family) | French family who worked to control Francis II. Family members were members of government and religion such as Duke and Cardinals. The family was known for being militants. Very Catholic. | 30 | |
| 1673440347 | Mary, Queen of Scots | Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded. Came to England after suspicious affair forced her to leave Scotland. | 31 | |
| 1673440348 | Charles IX | (ruled 1560-1574) He succeeded his father, Francis II, at the age of 10. He and his two brothers were childless so there was no clear heir to the French throne which created more tension between the quarreling noble families in France. He was Catholic. His mother, Catherine de Medici ruled for him. | 32 | |
| 1673440349 | Louis I, Prince of Conde | Bourbon. He and Gaspard de Coligny were the political leaders of the French Protestant resistance. | 33 | |
| 1673440350 | Gaspard de Coligny | He was a protestant advisor of Henry III. He was murdered by the devout Catholic, Henry of Guise, under the orders of Catherine 'de Medici. | 34 | |
| 1673440351 | Peace of St. Germain | ended 3rd french way. recognized nobility power, gave Huguenots religious freedom | 35 | |
| 1673440352 | Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) | Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. Made Edict of Nantes to restore peace. | 36 | |
| 1673440353 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | This was the 1572 massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties | 37 | |
| 1673440354 | Henry III (Fr.) | Last of Henry II's sons to wear the French crown. Wanted religious unity and political survival of France. Politique. Unpopular and ineffective, and probably gay. | 38 | |
| 1673440355 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | 39 | |
| 1673440356 | Philip II (Sp.) | Happy about St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre >> threw France into a civil war >> no French opposition to his subduing rebels in the Netherlands. Heir to western Habsburg kingdom. Wealthy from the stuff brought in from the New World. Had to deal with increased population and inflation >> heavy taxes. Organized lesser nobility into a loyal and efficient bureaucracy. Learned and pious Catholic, but he might've used religion more for political purposes. Generous patron of the arts and culture. Had to execute his crazy son. Faced resistance in the Netherlands. | 40 | |
| 1673440357 | Holy League | Catholic group led by Spain against Turkish encroachments in the Mediterranean and resulted in a stunning victory, or An alliance of Catholic nobles, which was proposed by Henry Guise to destroy Calvinism and to replace Henry III with a member of the Guise family. | 41 | |
| 1673440358 | Don John | Under his command, a Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the Pope formed to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. He later took control of Spanish land forces and was defeated. Had to sign the humiliating Perpetual Edict and which removed Spanish troops from the Netherlands. | 42 | |
| 1673440359 | Battle of Lepanto | (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope | 43 | |
| 1673440360 | Cardinal Granvelle | Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward. | 44 | |
| 1673440361 | William, Prince of Orange | Dutch leader who resisted Catholicism from Spain; Netherlands independent of northern territories | 45 | |
| 1673440362 | Compromise (1564) | an accommodation in which both sides make concessions, agreement and pledge to resist Inquisition, signed by people throughout provinces, led to rebellion. During Philip II's rule. | 46 | |
| 1673440363 | Duke of Alba | Leader of the Reign of Terror sent by Phillip II in order to take the Spanish Netherlands. Met with Resistance by William of Orange | 47 | |
| 1673440364 | stadtholder | - Recognition and limited power was given to the hereditary leader of each province, the stadtholder, Dutch hereditary chief excecutive; A hereditary chief executor over provinces in Holland. Ex: William III of Orange (1650-1702) | 48 | |
| 1673440365 | Union of Arras | 1579-the southern, catholic provinces in the low countries, who eventually pledged their loyalty to Spain | 49 | |
| 1673440366 | Union of Utrecht | The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands | 50 | |
| 1673440367 | Twelve Years' Truce | Exactly 12 years of cease fire Truce between Spain and the Netherlands Union for 12 years that was more of a barring of fighting that any actual peace. | 51 | |
| 1673440368 | Mary I | This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants (r. 1553-1558) | 52 | |
| 1673440369 | John Knox | This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops. (1514-1572) | 53 | |
| 1673440370 | Elizabeth I | ruled from 1558-1603; followed a policy that was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. She sets up a national Church, is declared head of the Anglican Church, establishes a state Church that moderates Catholics and Protestants, allowed priests to marry, allowed sermons to be delivered in English, and made the Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics. | 54 | |
| 1673440371 | Act of Supremacy (1559) | Repealed all anti-protestant legislation and asserted Elizabeth I's right as supreme governor over spiritual and temporal affairs | 55 | |
| 1673440372 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 56 | |
| 1673440373 | Presbyterians | A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox | 57 | |
| 1673440374 | Congregationalists | The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies. | 58 | |
| 1673440375 | Treaty of Nonsuch | An agreement between England and the Netherlands. England gave money and troops to Netherland in exchange for land. Philip saw this as a declaration of war by England, prompting the Spanish Armada. | 59 | |
| 1673440376 | The Armada | One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the power. | 60 | |
| 1673440377 | Thirty Years' War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 61 | |
| 1673440378 | Defenestration of Prague | (1618) The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War. | 62 | |
| 1673440379 | Ferdinand II | Successor to Matthias as HRE. Arranged troops from Milan, Pope, Bavaria - > Bohemia and defeated Frederick V at battle of the White Mountain in 1620. Frederick fled at "winter king" and lost his ancestral lands in Palatine. Ferdinand got himself elected king of Bohemia and took land from Prot. nobles -> to church and Jesuits streamed in - recatholicising Bohemia. 1578-1637 | 63 | |
| 1673440380 | Johann von Tilly | Commanded Spanish-imperial forces during Thirty Years' War. Defeated by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. | 64 | |
| 1673440381 | Battle of White Mountain | Fought near Bohemia; Big victory of Hapsburgs over the Protestant Union and allowed constitutionalism to be replaced by authoritarian government in Bohemia | 65 | |
| 1673440382 | King Christian IV (Denmark) | Was the king of Denmark during the 30 Years War; Denmark was defeated by the Holy Roman Empire | 66 | |
| 1673440383 | Albrecht of Wallenstein | Protestant mercenary fighting for Catholics, assassinated by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Killed Gustavus Adolphus. Carried out HRE attack on Denmark. Ferdinand killed him beacuse he was threatened by Wallenstein's extreme power over the territories he acquired through the war. | 67 | |
| 1673440384 | Edict of Restitution | Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation. | 68 | |
| 1673440385 | Gustavus Adolphus | joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen | 69 | |
| 1673440386 | Cardinal Richelieu | minister of King Louis XIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into. (1585-1642) | 70 | |
| 1673440387 | Louis XIII | French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles. (r.1601-1643) | 71 | |
| 1673440388 | Anne of Austria | She is wife on the dead king Louis XIII. She becomes regent over her son and successor of Louis XIII, Louis XIV. But she allowed Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu's trained successor, to dominate the government. | 72 | |
| 1673440389 | Cardinal Mazarin | Became dominant power in the government. Continued the centralizing powers of Richelieu, but in 1648 his unpopular attempts to increase royal revenues and expand the state bureaucracy resulted in a widesread rebellion known as the Fronde. | 73 | |
| 1673440390 | Battle of Breitenfeld | First major Protestant victory of Thirty Years' War. Swedish victory; under Gustavus | 74 | |
| 1673440391 | Battle of Lutzen | Battle in which Gustav Adolphus was killed, thus ending any real hope the protestants had against Emperor Ferdinand. | 75 | |
| 1673440392 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended 30 Years War; Treaty signed at Munster and Osnabruck, ending religious wars; the sovereignty of over 300 German princes recognized, limiting power of Holy roman Emperor; independence in United Provinces of the Netherlands recognized; France received Alsace, Sweden received large cash indemnity and control over German territories along Baltic Sea; Papacy denied right to participate in German religious affairs; Augsburg agreement remained permanent; Calvinism became legally permissible creed. | 76 |
