Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 12th ed
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| 1142701358 | What are the most common causes of high-output heart failure? | - Thyrotoxicosis; - Beriberi; - Anaemia; - A-V shunt. | 0 | |
| 1142701359 | How increased preload can be treated in heart failure? | - Decrease of blood volume and water retention - salt restriction and diuretics; - Vasodilation - nitrates. | 1 | |
| 1142701360 | How the body compensates in failing heart for decrease in cardiac output? | - Increase in sympathetic drive; - Increased catecholamines; - Activation of RAAS. | 2 | |
| 1142715786 | Oral availability of Digoxin is | 65-85% | 3 | |
| 1142715787 | TRUE or FALSE. Digitsalis is widely distributed in CNS. | TRUE | 4 | |
| 1142715788 | TRUE or FALSE. Digitalis is extensively metabolised in the liver. | FALSE. Digitalis is not extensively metabolised and almost 60% excreted by the kidneys unchanged. | 5 | |
| 1142715789 | Complete the sentence. Almost ...% of Digoxin is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. | 66% | 6 | |
| 1142715790 | What is the basis for Digoxin action? | Digoxin inhibits NKA in myocytes and via NCE causes increase in intracellular Ca concentration which leads to increase in myocardial contractility. | 7 | |
| 1142715791 | Complete the sentence. Digoxin causes ... of action potential in the pacemaker cells. | Digoxin causes PROLONGATION of action potential in the pacemaker cells. | 8 | |
| 1142715792 | Complete the sentence. At higher concentrations Digoxin ... resting potential. | At higher concentrations Digoxin REDUCES resting membrane potential. | 9 | |
| 1142733284 | Complete the sentence. Premature contractions in the setting of Digoxin use are the result of intracellular ... overload and oscillations in the free intracellular ... concentration. | Premature contractions in the setting of Digoxin use are the result of intracellular CALCIUM overload and oscillations in the free CALCIUM concentration. | 10 | |
| 1142733285 | Why the intracellular concentration of potassium is increased in Digitalis use? | Due to inhibition of NKA. This results in increased intracellular Na+ and decreased intracellular K+ concentratioin. | 11 | |
| 1142733286 | What is the effect of Digitalis on parasympathetic system? | Digitalis - sensitises baroreceptors; - directly stimulates vagal centres; - facilitates muscarinic transmission at the cardiac myocytes. | 12 | |
| 1142733287 | What explains the fact that Digitalis has less direct effect on the Purkinje system of the ventricles. | Because cholinergic innervation is much richer in atria, the atriall conducting system, including AVN, is affected more. | 13 | |
| 1142733288 | Complete the sentence. At toxic levels Digitalis ... sympathetic outflow. (increases/decreases/has little effect) | At toxic levels Digitalis INCREASES sympathetic outflow. | 14 | |
| 1142733289 | What are the common rhythms reflecting Digitalis toxicity? | - AV junctional rhythm; - PVC; - Bigemeny; - 2nd degree AV block. | 15 | |
| 1142733290 | What is the mechanism of bigemeny in Digitalis toxicity? | Digitalis leads to increased intracellular Ca++ concentration. This results in fluctuations of Ca++ concentration after depolarisation which with may lead to afterdepolarisation oscillations (which is coupled to normal depolarisation). When these oscillations are SUSTAINED, BIGEMENY develops. | 16 | |
| 1142802512 | Which two systems are most commonly affected by Digittalis adverse reactions? | - Cardiovascular; - GIT. | 17 | |
| 1142802513 | What are the common GIT adrverse reactions in Digitalis use? | - Anorexia; - N/V/D. | 18 | |
| 1142802514 | What are common CNS adverse reactions in Digitalis use? | - Disorientations; - Hallucinations; - Colour vision disturbances (esp in elderly) | 19 | |
| 1142802515 | Complete the sentence. Digoxin causes ... firing rate of SAN. | Digoxin causes DECREASED firing rate of SAN. | 20 | |
| 1142802516 | Complete the sentence. Digoxin ... refractory period of the atrial muscle. | Digoxin DECREASES refractory period of the atrial muscle. | 21 | |
| 1142802517 | Complete the sentence. Digoxin ... conduction though AVN and ... its refractory period. | Digoxin SLOWS conduction though AVN and INCREASES its refractory period. | 22 | |
| 1142804438 | What is the interaction between K+ and Digitalis? | Digitalis and K+ compete for binding to the enzyme (ATP). Therefore moderate extracellular Hyper-K reduces effects of Digitalis especially in Digitalis toxicity. | 23 | |
| 1142804439 | Complete the sentence. Hypokalemia in the setting of Digitalis use ... to toxic effectds of Digitalis. | Hypokalemia in the setting of Digitalis use PREDISPOSES to toxic effectds of Digitalis. | 24 |
