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| 1030506343 | The Age of Reason (1794) | Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind." | 0 | |
| 1030506344 | Deism | Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe. | 1 | |
| 1030506345 | Unitarians | Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century. | 2 | |
| 1030506346 | Second Great Awakening (early nineteenth century) | Religious revival characterized by the emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a municipality of denominations vied for members. | 3 | |
| 1030506347 | Burned-Over District | Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. | 4 | |
| 1030506348 | Mormons | Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert. | 5 | |
| 1030506349 | Lyceum | (From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught.) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century. | 6 | |
| 1030506350 | American Temperance Society | Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption. | 7 | |
| 1030506351 | Maine Law of 1851 | Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade. | 8 | |
| 1030506352 | Women's Rights Convention as Seneca Falls (1848) | Gathering of feminine activists at Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal." | 9 | |
| 1030506353 | New Harmony (1825-1827) | Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years. | 10 | |
| 1030506354 | Brook Farm (1841-1846) | Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. | 11 | |
| 1030506355 | Oneida Community | One of the most radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age. | 12 | |
| 1030506356 | Shakers (established c. 1770s) | Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out. | 13 | |
| 1030506357 | Hudson River School (mid-nineteenth century) | American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. | 14 | |
| 1030506358 | Minstrel shows | Variety shows performed by white actors in blackface. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century. | 15 | |
| 1030506359 | Transcendentalism (mid-nineteenth century) | Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicted upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God. | 16 | |
| 1030506360 | "The American Scholar" (1837) | Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions. | 17 | |
| 1030506361 | Peter Cartwright | An American Methodist revivalist in the Midwest, as well as twice an elected legislator in Illinois. Cartwright, a Methodist missionary, helped start the Second Great Awakening, personally baptizing twelve thousand converts. Opposed to slavery, Cartwright moved from Kentucky to Illinois, and was elected to the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly in 1828 and 1832. In 1846 Abraham Lincoln defeated Cartwright for a seat in the United States Congress. | 18 | |
| 1030506362 | Charles Grandison Finney | A leader in the Second Great Awakening. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Finney was best known as an innovative revivalist, an opponent of Old School Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, a pioneer in social reforms in favor of women and African-Americans, a religious writer, and president at Oberlin College. | 19 | |
| 1030506363 | Joseph Smith | An American religious leader who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, the predominant branch of which is Mormonism. At age twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, and by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers, established cities and temples, and founded a religion and a religious culture that continue to the present day. | 20 | |
| 1030506364 | Brigham Young | An American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877. He founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory, United States. Young also led the founding of the precursors to the University of Utah and Brigham Young University. | 21 | |
| 1030506365 | Horace Mann | An American education reformist. As a politician he served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives & state Senate. In 1848, after serving as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education since its creation, he was elected to the US House of Representatives. Mann was a brother-in-law to author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Whig Party, for building public schools. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. Mann has been credited by educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement" | 22 | |
| 1030506366 | Dorothea Dix | An American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses. | 23 | |
| 1030506367 | Neal S. Dow | Nicknamed the "Napoleon of Temperance" and the "Father of Prohibition", was mayor of Portland, Maine. He sponsored the "Maine law of 1851", which prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. | 24 | |
| 1030506368 | Lucretia Mott | An American Quaker, abolitionist, a women's rights activist, and a social reformer. | 25 | |
| 1030506369 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | An American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States. | 26 | |
| 1030506370 | Susan B. Anthony | A prominent American civil rights leader and feminist who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She was co-founder of the first Women's Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as President.[1] She also co-founded the women's rights journal, The Revolution. She traveled the United States and Europe, and averaged 75 to 100 speeches per year.[2] She was one of the important advocates in leading the way for women's rights to be acknowledged and instituted in the American government.[3] Her birthday on February 15, is commemorated as Susan B. Anthony Day in the U.S. states of Florida and Wisconsin. | 27 | |
| 1030506371 | Lucy Stone | A prominent American orator, abolitionist, and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women.[1] In 1847, Stone became the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. Stone was known for using her maiden name after marriage. | 28 | |
| 1030506372 | Amelia Bloomer | An American women's rights and temperance advocate. Even though she did not create the women's clothing reform style known as bloomers, her name became associated with it because of her early and strong advocacy. | 29 | |
| 1030506373 | Robert Owen | A Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. New Harmony experiment, he was no longer a flourishing capitalist but the head of a vigorous propaganda machine, in which socialism and secularism combined. | 30 | |
| 1030506374 | John J. Audubon | A French-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his expansive studies to document all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a color-plate book entitled The Birds of America (1827-1839), is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. Audubon identified 25 new species. | 31 | |
| 1030506375 | Stephen C. Foster | aka the "father of American music", was an American songwriter primarily known for his parlor and minstrel music. Foster wrote over 200 songs; among his best known are "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", and "Beautiful Dreamer". Many of his compositions remain popular more than 150 years after he wrote them. | 32 | |
| 1030506376 | James Fenimore Cooper | A prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature. He lived most of his life in Cooperstown, New York, which was established by his father William. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. | 33 | |
| 1030506377 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | An American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. | 34 | |
| 1030506378 | Henry David Thoreau | An American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.[2] He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. | 35 | |
| 1030506379 | Walt Whitman | An American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality. | 36 | |
| 1030506380 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | An American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy and was one of the five Fireside Poets. | 37 | |
| 1030506381 | Louisa May Alcott | An American novelist best known as author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys. Raised by her transcendentalist parents, in New England, she grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. Alcott worked to help support the family from an early age. She began to receive critical success for her writing in the 1860s. Early in her career, she sometimes used the pen name A. M. Barnard. | 38 | |
| 1030506382 | Emily Dickinson | A prolific private poet, fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her lifetime. Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often use slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends. | 39 | |
| 1030506383 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | His ancestors include John Hawthorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation, joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. | 40 | |
| 1030506384 | Herman Melville | An American writer best known for the novel Moby-Dick. His first three books gained much contemporary attention (the first, Typee, became a bestseller), but after a fast-blooming literary success in the late 1840s, his popularity declined precipitously in the mid-1850s and never recovered during his lifetime. | 41 | |
| 1030506385 | Francis Parkman | An American historian, best known as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life and his monumental seven-volume France and England in North America. These works are still valued as historical sources and as literature. | 42 |
