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| 518419769 | The Age of Reason (1794) | Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind" | |
| 518419770 | Deism | 1700s religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge; most rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe | |
| 518419771 | Unitarians | believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind; was in part inspired by Deism; first caught on in New England at the end of the 1700s | |
| 518419772 | Second Great Awakening (early 1800s) | religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion; brought about a democratization of religion as many denominations vied for members | |
| 518419773 | Burned-Over District | popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the 2nd Great Awakening | |
| 518419774 | Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) | religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s; faced deep hostility from non-Mormon neighbors and eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert | |
| 518419775 | lyceum | public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy; part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-1800s | |
| 518419776 | American Temperance Society | founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of reformers to limit alcohol consumption | |
| 518419777 | Maine Law of 1851 | prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol; a dozen other states followed this state's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade | |
| 518419778 | Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls (1848) | gathering of feminist activists where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal" | |
| 518419779 | New Harmony (1825-27) | communal society of around 1000 members, established by Robert Owen; attracted diverse individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just 2 years | |
| 518419780 | Brook Farm (1841-46) | transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind; fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846 | |
| 518419781 | Oneida Community | one of the more radical utopian communities established in the 1800s; advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics; reflected the reformist spirit of the age | |
| 518419782 | Shakers (est. circa 1770s) | name comes from their lively dance worship; emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy; 6000 members in 1840, but largely died out by 1940s | |
| 518419783 | Hudson River School (mid 1800s) | American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes | |
| 518419784 | minstrel shows | variety shows performed by white actors in black-face; first popularized in mid-1800s | |
| 518419785 | transcendentalism (mid 1800s) | literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self0reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God | |
| 518419786 | "The American Scholar" (1837) | Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions | |
| 518419787 | (Peter) Cartwright | ... | |
| 518419788 | (Charles Grandison) Finney | ... | |
| 518419789 | (Joseph) Smith | ... | |
| 518419790 | (Brigham) Young | ... | |
| 518419791 | (Horace) Mann | ... | |
| 518419792 | (Dorothea) Dix | ... | |
| 518419793 | (Neal S.) Dow | ... | |
| 518419794 | (Lucretia) Mott | ... | |
| 518419795 | (Elizabeth Cady) Stanton | ... | |
| 518419796 | (Susan B) Anthony | ... | |
| 518419797 | (Lucy) Stone | ... | |
| 518419798 | (Amelia) Bloomer | ... | |
| 518419799 | (Robert) Owen | ... | |
| 518419800 | (John J) Audubon | ... | |
| 518419801 | (Stephen C) Foster | ... | |
| 518419802 | (James Fenimore) Cooper | ... | |
| 518419803 | (Ralph Waldo) Emerson | ... | |
| 518419804 | (Henry David) Thoreau | ... | |
| 518419805 | (Walt) Whitman | ... | |
| 518419806 | (Henry Wadsworth) Longfellow | ... | |
| 518419807 | (Louisa May) Alcott | ... | |
| 518419808 | (Emily) Dickinson | ... | |
| 518419809 | (Nathaniel) Hawthorne | ... | |
| 518419810 | (Herman) Melville | ... | |
| 518419811 | (Francis) Parkman | ... |
