This is about people and concepts from earlier times that have influenced modern thought in psychology
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| 750653791 | Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) | Established the 1st psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany. Used introspection to observe one's own response to simple stimuli. | 0 | |
| 750653792 | Introspection | Wundt's technique for observing one's own cognitive response to stimuli to discover the structure of mental processes. Introspection means "look inside". | 1 | |
| 750662300 | Structuralism | The school of thought, based of Wundt's and his followers' work, that one could discover the basic structures of mental processes by introspection. | 2 | |
| 750694156 | William James (1842-1910) | American psychologist. Wrote first psychology textbook. Founded the functionalist school of thought as opposed to structuralism. | 3 | |
| 750694157 | Functionalism | William James' theory that we must focus on what mental processes do for us, i.e., function, rather than the structure of mental processes. Functionalism is associated with pragmatism in American philosophy and education. | 4 | |
| 2504823899 | Ivan Pavlov | A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning through the salivation behavior of dogs. | 5 | |
| 2504828616 | John B. Watson | American psychologist who promoted behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes as unobservable and therefore, unscientific. | 6 | |
| 2504843203 | G. Stanley Hall | Awarded the first American Ph.D in psychology and established the first psychology laboratory. | 7 | |
| 2504851738 | Alfred Binet | Made first attempt at assessing intellectual abilities in French schoolchildren with Theodore Simon. | 8 | |
| 2835061647 | Naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. | 9 | |
| 2835063893 | Survey method | A research method that involves gathering information from people through the use of surveys or questionnaires. Usually *correlations* between measured variables are reported | 10 | |
| 2835067409 | True Experiment | A set of techniques and procedures that allow the investigator to make causal statements. At least two groups of participants (randomly assigned) are treated differently to see if this differential treatment makes a difference on an outcome measure. | 11 | |
| 2835079247 | Random Assignment (of subjects to groups) | The investigator uses an unbiased method to assign subjects (participants) to groups. The method guarantees that a subject has an equal chance of ending up in any of the groups. | 12 | |
| 2835085224 | Independent Variable(IV) | The factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter. Two or more groups get different values of the variable. Also known as the treatment variable. | 13 | |
| 2835095046 | Dependent Variable (DV) | The variable measured to determine if differences result from the manipulated IV. Also called the outcome measure. | 14 | |
| 2835103958 | Operational definition | A set of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, "intelligence" may be operationally defined as a score on a specific intelligence test. | 15 | |
| 2835111445 | Experimental and Control Groups | In a true experiment, the group that gets a level of a treatment that is expected to have an effect of the outcome measure is often called the experimental group. A control group is used for comparison to the experimental group, so is sometimes called a comparison group. In drug studies, the control group is sometimes called a *placebo* group. | 16 | |
| 2835124606 | Double-blind procedure | A control procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the research subjects are aware of which condition is in effect. It is used to prevent experimenters' and subjects' expectations from influencing the results of an experiment. | 17 | |
| 2835130469 | Statistical test | An objective procedure by which mean differences can be judged to be "significantly" different. In a two-group experiment, a t-test is often performed. A probability is given that the difference could occur by chance. If the difference is highly improbable, then a conclusion is that the treatment variable caused a difference | 18 | |
| 2835152219 | Positive Correlation | A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. Varies from 0.00 to +1.00 | 19 | |
| 2835153566 | Negative correlation | A finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases. Varies from 0.00 to -1.00 | 20 | |
| 2835158361 | Zero correlation | A value near 0.00 that indicates *no* relationship between the two variables. (Note that this indicates no linear relationship, but there could be a strong non-linear relationship. | 21 | |
| 2835169419 | Curvilinear relationship | A relationship in which increases in the values of the first variable are accompanied by *both* increases and decreases in the values of the second variable. Not a straight-line (linear) relationship | 22 |
