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| 858288101 | Canadian Shield | a huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada. | 0 | |
| 858288102 | Incas | Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains. | 1 | |
| 858288103 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 2 | |
| 858288104 | Mound Builders | members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 BCE to 1250 CE | 3 | |
| 858288105 | Pangaea | the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to todays continents | 4 | |
| 858288106 | Great Ice Age | Beginning about 2 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago, the Ice Age was not only responsible for reshaping the North American landscape into almost exactly what we know it to be today, but it was also responsible for North America's human history; when the sea-level dropped about 35,000 years ago due to the oceans congealing into ice glaciers, the Bering Strait - a land bridge connecting Asia and North America - was uncovered. Asian nomads chased game across the bridge into the Americas until the sea rose above the land bridge again when the ice melted about 10,000 years ago | 5 | |
| 858288107 | Mayas | A Native American people, living in what is now Mexico and northern Central America, who had a flourishing civilization from before the birth of Jesus until around 1600, when they were conquered by the Spanish. They are known for their astronomical observations, accurate calendars sophisticated hieroglyphics, and pyramids. | 6 | |
| 858288108 | Maize | corn | 7 | |
| 858288109 | Pueblo Indian | The pueblo people in the Rio Grande valley constructed intricate irrigation systems to water their crops. Dwelled in villages of multistoried terraced buildings when Spanish explorers made contact with them in sixteenth century. | 8 | |
| 858288110 | Three Sister Farming | Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields. | 9 | |
| 858288111 | Iroquois | A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. | 10 | |
| 858288112 | Hiawatha | Legendary Native American leader and founder of the Iroquois confederacy. He was a follower of the Great Peacemaker, a prophet and spiritual leader, who proposed unification of the Iroquois (who shared similar languages). Was instrumental in persuading the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondaga, Oneidas, and Mohawks to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together. | 11 | |
| 858288113 | Erik the Red | father of Leif Erickson; so called because of his red hair and beard, was the founder of the first settlement in Greenland in 982 | 12 | |
| 858288114 | Leif Erikson | A Norwegian explorer of about the year 1000. He is said to have discovered a place n North America called Vinland. Several locations are possible for Vinland, including the Canadian province of Newfoundland. | 13 | |
| 858288115 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. | 14 | |
| 858288116 | Spice Islands | a group of island in eastern Indonesia, settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands | 15 | |
| 858288117 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 16 | |
| 858288118 | Compass | navigational instrument for finding directions | 17 | |
| 858288119 | Astrolabe | an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets | 18 | |
| 858288120 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | 19 | |
| 858288121 | Ferdinand and Isabella | The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia. | 20 | |
| 858288122 | Colombian Exchange | biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds. | 21 | |
| 858288123 | Smallpox | A Deadly disease that Europeans brought to the New World. It spreads rapidly., a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars | 22 | |
| 858288124 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 23 | |
| 858288125 | Conquistadores | Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes. | 24 | |
| 858288126 | Vasco Balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama | 25 | |
| 858288127 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 26 | |
| 858288128 | Ponce de Leon | Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth, Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth | 27 | |
| 858288129 | Hernando de Soto | Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river. | 28 | |
| 858288130 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 29 | |
| 858288131 | Francisco Coronado | A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. | 30 | |
| 858288133 | Hernando Cortez | A Spanish explorer, Hernando Cortez crossed the Hispaniola to mainland Mexico with six hundred men, seventeen horses and ten canons. Within three years, Cortez had taken captive the Aztec emperor Montezuma, conquered the rich Aztec empire and found Mexico City as the capital of New Spain. | 31 | |
| 858288134 | Montezuma | The leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortés' invasion who believed that Cortés was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. | 32 | |
| 858288135 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 33 | |
| 858288136 | Mestizos | People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. | 34 | |
| 858288137 | John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) | 35 | |
| 858288138 | Giovanni de Verrazano | Italian navigator sponsored by the French monarchy in 1524; explored part of North America's eastern coast, including New York harbor in hopes to find a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia. | 36 | |
| 858288139 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) | 37 | |
| 858288140 | Don Juan de Onate | De Onate was a Spanish conquistador who explored the areas of Mexico and what is now Texas and New Mexico in 1598. He was infamous for his cruelty to the Pueblo Indians. In the Battle of Acoma in 1599 he severed one foot of each Pueblo survivor. | 38 | |
| 858288141 | Pueblo Indians | The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe. | 39 | |
| 858288142 | Pope's Rebellion | Sparked by the Spanish Catholic missionaries' efforts to suppress native religious customs, in 1680, Pueblo rebels destroyed Catholic Churchs in New Mexico and killed hundreds of priests and settlers. It took the Spaniards almost half a century to reclaim New Mexico | 40 | |
| 858288143 | Robert de LaSalle | From France. He sailed down the Mississippi River; claiming the whole region for King Louis and naming it "Louisiana." | 41 | |
| 858288144 | Black Legend | False concept that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, and infected them with smallpox; the Spanish also erected a colossal empire and incorporated indigenous culture into their own, rather than simply shunning and isolating the Indians, as the English would later do. | 42 | |
| 858288145 | Cahokia | a large city that were once inhabited by the Mound Builders. It was filled with mounds, which were like graves, Declined in 13th century CE. At height had a population of about 30,000 people and contact with parts of Mesoamerica. Located in modern day east ST. Louis with a administrative capital that covered almost 300 acres. Had huge burial mound that was 98 ft tall with a base larger than the Egyptian pyramids. | 43 | |
| 858288146 | Plantation System | A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. | 44 | |
| 858288147 | Encomienda | Spanish colonial system in which a colonist was given a certain amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land in exchange for teaching the Native Americans Christianity | 45 | |
| 858288148 | Noche Triste | "Sad night", when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds. Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule. | 46 | |
| 858288149 | Battle of Acoma | Battle in 1599, Spanish severed one foot off of each survivor of the Pueblos. They proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico in 1609 and found its capital at Santa Fe 1610. | 47 | |
| 858288150 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476 | 48 | |
| 858288151 | Father Junipero Serra | A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions. | 49 | |
| 858288152 | Bering Strait Land Bridge | land bridge that connected Asia and North America together; enabled people to cross | 50 |
