"An Introduction to Theories of Personality", 7th ed. B.R. Hergenhahn, Matthew H. Olson
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| 628955105 | personality | -comes from Latin word persona, which means mask -one's public self, that aspect of ourselves we select to display to the world -allows person to be socially effective | |
| 628955106 | human nature | "humanness" -those qualities that characterize all humans -every human being is (1) like every other human being; (2) like some other human beings; and (3) like no other human being -what we come equipped with at birth | |
| 628955107 | individual differences | -important ways in which humans differ from one another -one of the tasks of the personality theorist is to describe and explain individual differences | |
| 628955108 | nativism-empiricism controversy | -also called nature-nurture controversy -argument concerning the extent to which an attribute, such as intelligence, is influenced by inheritance as opposed to experience | |
| 628955109 | environmentalism | -belief that the determinants of behavior are found in the environment instead of in the person | |
| 628955110 | teleological behavior | -purposive behavior -goal-directed or future-oriented behavior -plays prominent role in theories of Jung, Allport, and Bandura and Mischel | |
| 628955111 | hedonism | -the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain -Freud, Skinner, Dollard and Miller postulate this is "master" motive for human behavior | |
| 628955112 | self-actualization | -the impulse to realize one's full potential -Jung, Horney, Maslow, and Rogers believe this is master motive | |
| 628955113 | Adler's master motive | -striving for superiority | |
| 628955114 | May and Kelly's master motive | -a search for meaning and the reduction of uncertainty | |
| 628955115 | Buss's master motive | -the predisposition to express evolved psychological mechanisms | |
| 628955116 | Bandura and Mischel's master motive | -the need to develop cognitive processes that are effective in dealing with the world | |
| 628955117 | self | -concept employed by several personality theorists to account for the facts that human behavior is smooth running, consistent, and well organized -this concept has been used to explain why we are aware of ourselves as individuals- organizing agent of personality -Horney, Allport, and Rogers rely heavily on this concept | |
| 628955118 | determinism | -belief that all behavior is caused and is therefore not free | |
| 628955119 | introspection | -self-examination -directing one's thoughts inward to discover the truth about one's self | |
| 628955120 | idiographic research | -intense study of a single person | |
| 628955121 | nomothetic research | -the study of groups of individuals | |
| 628955122 | person variables | -variables contained within persons thought to be responsible for their behavior -traits, habits, memories, information-processing mechanisms, and repressed early experiences exemplify these | |
| 628955123 | situation variables | -those variables found in the environment thought to be responsible for behavior | |
| 628955124 | physical monism | -also called materialism -contention that no mind-body problem exists because no mind exists -no mental events occur, only physical events | |
| 628955125 | epiphenomenalism | -contention that mental events are the by-products of bodily events -bodily events cause mental events but mental events cannot cause bodily events -mental events, therefore, can be ignored in the analysis of human behavior | |
| 628955126 | parallelism | -contention that an environmental event causes both mental and bodily reactions at the same time -according to this proposed answer to the mind-body question, bodily and mental phenomena run parallel to each other and are therefore not causally related | |
| 628955127 | interactionism | -contention that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind -the mind and the body are causally related | |
| 628955128 | animalistic theory | -states that humans possess the same impulses and instincts as other animals, particularly other primates | |
| 628955129 | evolutionary psychological theory | -claims that humans inherit behavioral tendencies from our evolutionary past but that these tendencies can be modified by rational thought or cultural influence | |
| 628955130 | existential theory | -states that the most important point about humans is our ability to choose courses of action and to assign meaning to the events in our lives | |
| 628955131 | humanistic theory | -claims humans are born basically good; if we engage in undesirable behavior it is because cultural, societal, or familial conditions have forced us to do so | |
| 628955132 | mechanistic theory | -states that humans are automatons who respond automatically to environmental events; response is automatic and machinelike (likens humans to computers) | |
| 628955133 | epistemology | -study of the nature of human knowledge | |
| 628955134 | science | -epistemological pursuit that combines the philosophical schools of empiricism and rationalism | |
| 628955135 | rationalism | -belief that knowledge can be gained only by exercising the mind, for example, by thinking, deducing, or inferring | |
| 628955136 | empiricism | -contention that an attribute is determined by experience rather than by genetics -the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience | |
| 628955137 | scientific theory | -combination of the philosophical schools of rationalism and empiricism, with two major functions: (1) to synthesize (explain) many observations, and (2) to generate new information | |
| 628955138 | synthesizing function | -a theory's ability to organize and explain several otherwise disjointed observations | |
| 628955139 | heuristic function | -a theory's ability to generate new information | |
| 628955140 | principle of verification | -the stipulation that scientific propositions must be capable of objective, empirical testing that is available to any interested person | |
| 629113837 | paradigm | -term used by Thomas Kuhn to describe a theoretical viewpoint shared by many researchers -for ex, the dominant _______ in physics shifted from Newton's theory to Einstein's theory -in psych, ______ corresponds to groups of interrelated theories commonly called a "school of thought" or an "ism" | |
| 629113838 | psychoanalytic paradigm | Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung | |
| 629113839 | sociocultural paradigm | Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson | |
| 629113840 | trait paradigm | Gordon Allport, Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck | |
| 629113841 | learning paradigm | B. F. Skinner, John Dollard and Neal Miller, Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel | |
| 629113842 | evolutionary paradigm | David M. Buss | |
| 629113843 | existential-humanistic paradigm | George Kelly, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May | |
| 629113844 | risky predictions | -predictions that run the risk of being incorrect -according to Karl Popper, for a theory to be considered scientific it must make ________ ___________ | |
| 629113845 | principle of falsifiability | -also called principle of refutability -Karl Popper's contention that a scientific theory must make risky predictions; that is, it must make predictions that could conceivably be false and, if so, would refute the theory. | |
| 629113846 | hypotheses | -a theory's ability to generate predictions |
