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| *impractical because the North and South were not geographically divided. * He also stated that with secession, new controversies would arise, including the national debt, federal territories, and the fugitive-slave issue. | ||
| *Most of the forts in the South had relinquished their power to the Confederacy, but Fort Sumter was among the two that didn't. *supplies were running out against a besieging South Carolinian army | ||
| *Lincoln told the South that the North was sending provisions to the fort, not supplies for reinforcement. *However, to the South, provisions were reinforcements | ||
| *April 12, 1861, cannons were fired by south carolina onto the fort; after 34 hours of non-lethal firing, the fort surrendered. | ||
| ... | ||
| The call for troops, in turn, aroused the South much as the attack on Fort Sumter had aroused the North | ||
| The capital of the Confederacy was moved from Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VA. | ||
| Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and later West Virginia | ||
| The strategic prize of the Ohio River flowed along the northern border of Kentucky and West Virginia; two of its navigable tributaries, penetrated deep into the heart of Dixie, much of the Confederacy's grain, gunpowder, and iron was produced | ||
| *in Maryland he declared martial law were needed and sent troops because MD threatened to cut off Washington from the North *Lincoln also deployed Union soldiers in western Virginia and notably in Missouri where they fought beside Unionists in a local civil war within the larger Civil War | ||
| the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis) | ||
| Lincoln was obliged to declare publicly that he was not fighting to free the blacks (antislavery declaration not a good political move) | ||
| Most of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) sided with the South, although parts of the Cherokee and most of the Plains Indians were pro-North. | ||
| was the slang term for the Union | ||
| The war was one of brother vs. brother, with the mountain men of what's now West Virginia sending some 50,000 men to the Union. The nation's split was very visible here, as Virginia literally split. | ||
| slang for a Confederate soldier or army during the war. | ||
| *The Confederacy could fight defensively behind interior lines; the North had to invade the vast territory of the Confederacy, conquer it, and drag it back to the Union *The south did not have to win the war in order to win its independence; fighting on their own soil for self-determination and preservation gave southerners an advantage in morale as well over the North *they had the most talented officers, including Robert E. Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, *most of the Southerners had been trained in a military-style upbringing and education since they were children, as opposed to the tame Northerners. | ||
| *shortage of factories and manufacturing plants, but during the war, those developed in the South. *shortage of shoes, uniforms, blankets, clothing, and food, which didn't reach soldiers due to supply problems. *The economy was the greatest Southern weakness; it was the North's strength | ||
| *economy (The North was not only a huge farm but a sprawling factory as well) *controlled the sea with its vastly superior navy with which it established a blockade that although was a sieve at first, soon choked off Southern supplies and eventually shattered Southern morale; *its sea power also enabled the north to exchange huge quantities of grain for munitions and supplies from Europe *its sea power also enabled the north to exchange huge quantities of grain for munitions and supplies from Europe | ||
| *less prepared than their Southern counterparts for military life *Lincoln was forced to use a costly trial-and-error method to sort out effective leaders from many incompetent political officers, until he finally uncovered general Ulysses S. Grant (way to victory) | ||
| Europe's ruling classes were openly sympathetic to the Confederate cause (abhorred the American democratic experiment and they cherished a fellow-feeling for the South's semi-feudal, aristocratic social order) *The common people of Britain supported the North, hoping to extinguish slavery | ||
| As the North won Southern territory, it sent cotton and food over to Europe. | ||
| *failed in part because he had been so lavishly productive in the immediate prewar years of 1857-1860; enormous exports of cotton in those years had piled up surpluses in British warehouses and British manufacturers had a hefty oversupply of fiber *The real pinch did not come until about a year and a half later, when work was lost | ||
| *So, King Wheat and King Corn (of the North) beat King Cotton of the South, since Europe needed the food much more than it needed the cotton. | ||
| A Union warship cruising on high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe | ||
| war preparations buzzed and red-coated troops embarked for Canada | ||
| The British ships left their ports unarmed, picked up arms elsewhere, and captured Union ships. One notable ship was the Alabama. *it was manned by Britons and never entered Confederate port *this "British pirate" captured over sixty vessels *beneath the waves *The Alabama escaped in 1862 to the Portuguese Azores and took weapons and crew from two British ships that followed | ||
| American minister Charles Francis Adams persuaded the British that allowing such ships to be built for the confederacy was a dangerous precedent that might be used against them | ||
| American Minister Adams took the hard line, warning that "this is war" if the rams were released from Great Britain | ||
| *two Confederate warships being constructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in GB *Designed to destroy the wooden ships of the Union navy with their iron rams and large-caliber guns, they were far more dangerous than the swift but lightly armed Alabama; | ||
| *Britain agreed in 1871 to submit the Alabama dispute to arbitration and in 1872 paid $15.5 million | ||
| *American resentment was also directed at Canada, where despite the vigilance of British authorities, Southern agents plotted to burn Northern cities (Confederate raids) *The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It was partly designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the United States. | ||
| *Emperor Napoleon III of France, taking advantage of America's preoccupation with its own internal problems, dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City in 1863 *He installed Maximilian as emperor of Mexico City. The actions of Napoleon were in direct violation of the Monroe Doctrine. *Napoleon was counting on the Union not retaliating due to its weakness. * When the Civil War ended in 1865, Napoleon was forced to abandon Maximilian and Mexico City. | ||
| *Its constitution, borrowing liberally from that of the Union, contained one deadly defect; created by secession, it could not logically deny future secession to its constituent states | ||
| *often had disputes with his own congress *overworked himself with the details of both civil government and military operations (task beyond his powers) *at times there was serious talk of impeachment | ||
| *North enjoyed the prestige of a long-established government, financially stable and fully recognized both at home and abroad *proved superior to the more experienced by less flexible Davis *developed a genius for interpreting and leading a fickly public opinion but still demonstrated charitableness toward the South and tolerance toward infighting colleagues | ||
| *increased the size of the Federal army—something that only Congress can do *suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-Unionists might be summarily arrested *defied a dubious ruling by the chief justice that the safeguards of habeas corpus could be set aside only by authorization of Congress *"supervised" voting in the Border States, federal officials also ordered the suspension of certain newspapers and the arrest of their editors on grounds of obstructing the war | ||
| *a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person | ||
| (a) increased the size of the Army, (b) sent $2 million to 3 private citizens for military purposes, (c) suspended habeas corpus so arrests could be made easily, (d) "monitored" Border State elections so the vote would turn out his way and (e) declared martial law in Maryland. | ||
| *As in most wars, volunteers came plentifully in the early days. Initially, the plan was to only use volunteers. As the war drug on and men died, enthusiasm died too. A military draft was started in both the North and South to conscript soldiers. *Congress allowed the rich to buy an exemption for $300. That meant a poor person would have to fill those shoes. | ||
| a frightful riot broke out in 1863, touched off largely by underprivileged and anti-black Irish-Americans, who shouted, "Down with Lincoln" | ||
| forced military service | ||
| Sometimes the "bounty boys" deserted, volunteered elsewhere and netted another haul and these "bounty jumpers" sometimes repeated this profitable operation | ||
| *Many men rigged scams to get multiple bonuses by signing up several times. *With money flowing freely, a crew of "bounty brokers" and "substitute brokers" sprang up, at home and abroad—combed poor houses of the British Isles and western Europe | ||
| *The Richmond regime was forced to resort to conscription as early as April 1862, nearly a year earlier than the Union ("cradle and grave"—ages 17 to 50) *as in the North, a rich man could hire a substitute or purchase exemption (slaveowners as well too) | ||
| Blessed with a large share of the wealth, the North rode through the financial breakers much more smoothly than the South *The North increased tariffs and excise taxes to financially support the war. It also created the first income tax. | ||
| The U.S. wanted more money and passed the Morrill Tariff Act which raised the tariff 5 to 10%. The rates then went even higher. | ||
| ... | ||
| The Washington Treasury also issued green-backed paper money, totaling nearly $450 million, at face value; the printing-press currency was inadequately supported by gold and hence its value was determined by the nation's credit (fluctuated with war) | ||
| national banking system since Andrew Jackson had killed the Bank of the U.S. in the 1830's *launched partly as a stimulant to the sale of government bonds *also designed to establish a standard bank-note currency *Banks that joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them *functioned until it was replaced by the Federal Reserve System | ||
| The largest fundraiser was through the sales of bonds. The government brought in $2.6 billion through bond sales. | ||
| * The Union naval blockade locked down the South. It stopped exports of cotton (and thus the income of money), and it cut off customs duties (no imports means no customs duties). *The Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to "runaway inflation."overall the war inflicted a 9,000 percent inflation rate on the Confederacy, contrasted with 80 percent for the Union Inflation was out of control. It went up an estimated 9,000% down South (compared to an 80% increase up North). | ||
| Manufacturers and businessmen made fortunes and a millionaire class was born for the first time New machinery benefited production greatly. mechanical reapers allowed for men to leave the farms for the war and provided grain that contributed to Northern profits. | ||
| Some "profiteers" scammed the government by supplying shoddy goods. | ||
| # Mechanical reapers(farm machines used to harvest grain) harvested bountiful crops. # Oil was discovered in Pennsylvania. | ||
| Women took on new roles too, often filling in for absent men in jobs. Some women posed as men and enlisted to fight in the military | ||
| ... | ||
| first female doctor. helped organize the U. S., Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field (trained nurses, collected medical supplies and equipped hospitals—women's movement that followed) | ||
| *founded the American Red Cross in 1881 *nurse * An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field. *superintendent of nurses for the Union army helped transform nursing from a lowly service into a respected profession | ||
| elevated nursing to a professional level superintendent of nurses for the Union army helped transform nursing from a lowly service into a respected profession dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones | ||
| *The North's blockade severely hampered the South's economy. *Transportation in the South collapsed during the Civil War. *Cotton capitalism had lost out to industrial capitalism. *supplies of everything became scarce |
