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| 48386130 | Marco polo | His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade | 0 | |
| 48386131 | Otto I | gave birth to the Holy Roman Empire along with Pope John XII, marking the dawn of a new age in history | 1 | |
| 48386132 | Pope John XII | proclaimed Otto I emperor in 962 which gave birth to the Holy Roman Empire | 2 | |
| 48386133 | Pope Gregory VII | reformed a lot and determined to challenge secular authority. He caused a lot of conflict and was admired by many and hated by many. He banned lay investiture, which angered Henry IV | 3 | |
| 48386134 | Henry IV | emperor who challenged the pope, which resulted in his begging for mercy; gave German princes a chance to be independent; | 4 | |
| 48386135 | Fredrick Barbarossa | by arranging a marriage he entangled germany into italian affairs | 5 | |
| 48386136 | Hugh Capet | created a legacy that eventually centralized power in France | 6 | |
| 48386137 | Duke William of Normandy | invaded England in 1066, and introduced Norman principles of govt and land tenure to England | 7 | |
| 48386138 | King Louis IX | helped expand Christianity throughout the eastern hemisphere during the Crusades | 8 | |
| 48386139 | Eleanor of Aquinas | her support of the troubadours led to the rise of chivalry | 9 | |
| 48386140 | St. Thomas Aquinas | synchronized Aristotle's philosophies with Christianity, revolutionizing beliefs and attitudes towards Aristotle | 10 | |
| 48386141 | St. Dominic | founder of the domitians, athlete for christ | 11 | |
| 48386142 | St. Francis | established the francican order, opened up a postive relationship with muslims | 12 | |
| 48386143 | Pope Innocent III | completely wiped out an entire race of the Cathars an as a result, many began to fear the church's power | 13 | |
| 48386144 | Eric the Red | was a Viking who found and named Greenland. Even thought this was a cold land Eric the Red named it Greenland to encourage people to come to this area to settle. | 14 | |
| 48386145 | Leif Ericson | founded Vinland | 15 | |
| 48386146 | Robert Guiscard | led Norman adventures and counquered much of southern Italy against the Muslims | 16 | |
| 48386147 | Roger Guiscard | brother of Robert Guiscard, founded a state for himself in Italy and named it Sicily; displays the effect to which Normans were able to re-conquer Italy | 17 | |
| 48386148 | Pope Urban II | pope who developed reforms begun by Pope Gregory VII, began the Crusades, and built political power for the papacy | 18 | |
| 48386149 | Peter the Hermit | organized a poor and weak army that was annihilated during the Crusades; indicates the enthusiasm of the people during the Crusades | 19 | |
| 48386150 | Saladin | recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 and finished off Christian forces in the Mediterranean, postponing further Crusades for almost 50 years | 20 | |
| 48386151 | Holy Roman Empire | a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and laster until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon | 21 | |
| 48386152 | Investiture contest | A struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who nominates clergymen. The Pope eventually won this struggle. | 22 | |
| 48386153 | Capetian dynasty | were the largest royal dynasty in France who set out to unify all of france's collonies, founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328, a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328 | 23 | |
| 48386154 | Normans | a member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy, and who invaded England in 1066 | 24 | |
| 48386155 | Champagne fairs | vast marketplaces in France where merchants from around Europe would gather | 25 | |
| 48386156 | Hanseatic League | a well-developed trade network around the Baltic and North Seas that embraced all the significant commercial centers | 26 | |
| 48386157 | Three Estates | three classes: "those who pray" (religious clergy), "those who fight" (warriors & nobles), and "those who work" (peasants) | 27 | |
| 48386158 | Chivalry | code of ethics that expected high ethical standards and refined behavior | 28 | |
| 48386159 | Troubadours | travleing performers singing about chivalriss deeds performed by knights for ladies | 29 | |
| 48386160 | Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 30 | |
| 48386161 | Cathedral Schools | Bishops and Archbishops organized these types of schools and invited well known scholars to serve as master teachers. Established formal curricula based on writings in Latin. Famous ones at Paris, Chatres, and Bologna. | 31 | |
| 48386162 | Universities | academic guilds | 32 | |
| 48386163 | Scholasticism | a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason | 33 | |
| 48386164 | Sacrements | holy rituals that kept individuals in good standing with the church | 34 | |
| 48386165 | Saints | followers of christ who lived lives of holiness on earth and now share in eternal life with God in heaven | 35 | |
| 48386166 | Relics | the body parts, clothing, or objects associated with a holy figure, relics were stored in reliquaries | 36 | |
| 48386167 | Pilgrimages | Religious journeys to the Holy Land. | 37 | |
| 48386168 | Waldensians | people who led heretical movements against the church. They appealed to the biblical ideal of simplicity and separation from the world. | 38 | |
| 48386169 | Cathars | a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries | 39 | |
| 48386170 | Vinland | Scandinavian name for the land explored near present day Newfoundland | 40 | |
| 48386171 | Teutonic Knights | Order of knights devoted to Christianity and to fighting Muslims and pagans. Most active in Baltic region where they fought Slavs. | 41 | |
| 48386172 | Reconquista | The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. | 42 | |
| 48386173 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 43 |
