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| 3967845060 | Sunni Ali | Songhay emperor (reigned 1464-1493) embarked on a campaign to conquer his neighbors and consolidated the Songhai Empire. He brought the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Jenne under his control and used their wealth to dominate the Niger River. He built an elaborate administrative and military apparatus to oversee affairs in his realm, appointed governors to oversee provinces and instituted a hierarchy of command that turned his army into an effective military force. He also created an imperial navy to patrol the Niger River, which was an extremely important commercial highway in the Songhay Empire. | 0 | |
| 3967850325 | Olaudah Equino | He was a freed slave that published an autobiography in 1789, he served as a slave in the West Indies, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, accompanied one of his masters on several campaigns during the 7 year's war | 1 | |
| 3967850326 | Creoles | Language when enough African slaves existed in a certain area, they could communicate via their native tongues; these "creole" tongues drew on several African and European languages; in South Carolina & Georgia (75% of population were slaves), slaves spoke creole tongues Gullah & Geechee | 2 | |
| 3967850327 | Middle Passage | once people were captured they would be taken to a holding pen until a ship arrived to take them, then the people were transported across the Atlantic Ocean( from Africa to the Caribbean and the Americas),most ships would provide enough room for slaves to sit upright, but some ships forced people to lie down and be chained to each other, conditions we very bad so some people tried to kill themselves through starvation, this journey would last 6 weeks and would travel through some of the worst conditions, during this time about 25% of people did not survive | 3 | |
| 3967851892 | Maroons | Slaves that ran away from plantation communities and gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy regions and built their own self governing communities | 4 | |
| 3967851893 | Triangle Trade | system of trade linking Europe, Africa and America. Took European goods and exchanged them in Africa for slaves. Then they took African slaves to Caribbean and American destinations to be sold for 3 times (either in cash or sugar) what they were bought for on the African Coast. Finally the sugar and money were taken back to Europe | 5 | |
| 3967853759 | King Alfonso I | King Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo (reigned 1506-1542), became a devout Roman Catholic and sought to control all his subjects to Christianity. Portuguese priests in Kongo reported that he attended religious services daily and studied the Bible so zealously that he sometimes neglected to eat. | 6 | |
| 3967853760 | Queen Nzinga | (reigned 1623-1663) led spirited resistance against the Portuguese forces. She came from a long line of warrior kings. She dressed as a male warrior when leading troops in battle and insisted that her subjects refer to her as king rather than queen. She mobilized central African peoples against her Portuguese adversaries, and she also allied with Dutch mariners, who traded frequently on the African cost during the mid-seventeenth century. Her aim was to drive the Portuguese from her land, then expel the Dutch, and finally create a vast central African empire embracing the entire lower Congo basin. | 7 | |
| 3967855775 | African Diaspora | The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. | 8 | |
| 3967855776 | Kingdom of Kongo | Best known principal state in central Africa. The kingdom emerged in the 14th century. Its rulers built a centralized state with officials overseeing military, judicial, and financial affairs. The people here converted to Christianity ass a way to establish closer commercial relations with the Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese monarchy. Destruction of kingdom due to slave raiding.. Kongo King decapitated | 9 | |
| 3968109610 | What were the objectives of Dutch colonists in South Africa? What kind of colony did they establish? Compare these objectives to the Portuguese objectives in colonizing Angola. | In 1652, the VOC wanted to have a refreshment station at (Cape of Good Hope). To ensure its viability, they allowed some people to build a farm there. After some time, the colony expanded and more and more farmers came to South Africa. Most of these people were nomadic farmers (called 'Boeren' or 'Trekboeren'). So the established colony was agricultural, and wasn't established on purpose. The Portuguese, however, established their colony at first for the slave trade. Only after the abolishment of slavery, they sent lots of Portuguese (farmers as well) to strengthen their presence. | 10 | |
| 3968109611 | What was the impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the societies of west Africa? Consider social, political, and demographic effects. | Various states and ports developed on the West African coast. Portuguese desire for slaves brought about the end of the Kingdom of Kongo as it was invaded by groups that made war to make slaves out of the prisoners of war. During the 16th century, Portuguese trade with the kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) caused growth in Ndongo. After the Portuguese founded a colony there in 1575, they enlisted native allies to fight Ndongo for more slaves. This led to Queen Nzinga taking control of a resistance movement for 40 years that fought the Portuguese and their allies. The slave traders introduced American food crops to Africa which greatly increased population despite losing a large portion of the populus: about 10 million went across the Atlantic. Most of the Africans taken as slaves were men so the sex ratio in Africa became distorted; men took multiple wives in response to this and women took various duties previously done by men. | 11 | |
| 3968172645 | Compare the experience of slaves in the Caribbean, in Brazil, and in North America. | Caribbean: high mortality rate from diseases, few women Brazil: high mortality rate from diseases, few women North America: only 5% of slaves went to North America, diseases were less harmful, more women, black families encouraged | 12 | |
| 3968187364 | Did any African states or kingdoms benefit from their contacts with European traders? Who would be the likely beneficiaries? Who would suffer the most? | Afrian benefits from Europe: Wealth africans got weather for trading their lowly people into slavery. Suffers: the lowly people/slaves | 13 | |
| 3968197419 | State the argument for and against slavery in American colonies in strictly economic terms. Can you suggest a more economical alternative to slave labor? | In economical terms slavery was profitable only for the rich men with several acres of land that would be cultivated by slaves without salary, small farmers couldn't compete with them and slavery caused unemployment and poverty among the freemen. It was tolerable when the colonies didn't have so much slaves but in the late 18th Century King George III were constantly raising the taxes so the rich will simply get more slaves to do the job instead of hire freemen, then the Colonies uprised. | 14 |
