Ch.26 of Cambell's Biology textbook, ninth edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 673476685 | Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of species | |
| 673476686 | Systematics | a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships | |
| 673476687 | Linnaeus | created binomial nomenclature- the two part format of a scientific name | |
| 673476688 | Binomial Nomenclature | Genus and species | |
| 673476689 | Linnaeus Classification | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | |
| 673476690 | 3 Domains | Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya | |
| 673476691 | Branch point on a phylogenetic tree | represents the divergence of 2 evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor | |
| 673476692 | Sister taxa | groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor. They are each other's closest relatives. | |
| 673476693 | Basal taxon | a lineage that diverges early in the history of a group and lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the group | |
| 673476694 | Polytomy | an unresolved pattern of divergence. A branch point from which more than 2 descendant groups emerge. | |
| 673476695 | Homologies | phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry | |
| 673476696 | Analogy | similarity due to convergent evolution | |
| 673476697 | Convergent evolution | similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar(analogous) adaptations in organism from different evolutionary lineages | |
| 673476698 | Example of Convergent evolution | Australian "mole", a marsupial = young complete embryonic development in an external pouch, looks similar to the North American mole, a eutherian = young complete embryonic development in the uterus | |
| 673476699 | Example of an Analogy | In respect to flight, a bat's wing is analogous to a bird's wing | |
| 673476700 | Homoplasies | analogous structures that arose independently | |
| 673476701 | Molecular Systematics | discipline that used data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships | |
| 673476702 | Monophyletic group | a clade; consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendents; ideal grouping | |
| 673476703 | Paraphyletic group | Consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants but not all of them ; incomplete group, most groups are this | |
| 673476704 | Polyphyletic group | some of its members have different ancestors | |
| 673476705 | Shared ancestral characteristics | character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon ex: for mammals, the backbone is one b/c it was present in the ancestor common to all mammals. | |
| 673476706 | Shared derived characteristics | an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade ex: for mammal, hair is one. Hair is a characteristic shared by all mammals but is not found in their ancestors | |
| 674429430 | Outgroup | species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying | |
| 674429431 | Ingroup | the species or group of species we are studying | |
| 674429432 | Amniotic egg | - most important point in vertebrae evolution - separate from parent with shell around it & various tissues inside shell - can give developing embryo nutrients & takes away metabolic wastes | |
| 674429433 | Maximum parsimony | a.k.a. "Occam's razor" - simplest route is probably the way that an event occurred - most parsiminous route = has least # of mutations or the fewest evolutionary events | |
| 674429434 | Closest living relative to birds | Crocodile | |
| 674429435 | Actual closest relative to birds | Theropod saurischian dinosaurs | |
| 674429436 | Two types of homologous genes | orthologous and paralogous | |
| 674429437 | Orthologous genes | found in different species ; their divergence traces back to the speciation events that produced the species ; divergence takes place after genes are found in separate gene pools ex: cyctochrome c genes in humans and dogs | |
| 674429438 | Paralogous genes | results from gene duplication; multiple copies of the genes have diverged from one another within a species Ex: genes that make up olfactory receptor gene family in humans | |
| 674429439 | Molecular clock | a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates | |
| 674429440 | Horizontal gene transfer | genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infections, etc. -prokaryotes/ bacteria do this - passing genes back & forth between prokaryotes | |
| 674429441 | Ring of Life Theory | theory that eukaryotes are simultaneously most closely related to bacteria and archaea- forming a ring shaped evolutionary relationship |
