Ray, Mrs. Ray, Midlothian, 27, Chapter, Chapter 27, Ch. 27, Ch 27, Mary Ray, APWH, AP World History, Advanced Placement World History
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| 343508125 | Holy Alliance | alliance between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna. | 0 | |
| 343508126 | Decembrist rising | unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms. | 1 | |
| 343508127 | Crimean War (1854 -1856) | began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman Empire; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to Russian reforms under Alexander II. | 2 | |
| 343508128 | Emancipation of the serfs | Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained. | 3 | |
| 343508129 | zemstvoes | local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy. | 4 | |
| 343508130 | Trans-Siberian railroad | constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia. | 5 | |
| 343508131 | Count Witte | Russian minister of finance (1892 -1903); economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investment in industry. | 6 | |
| 343508132 | intelligentsia | Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic system; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from the West. | 7 | |
| 343508133 | anarchists | political groups that thought the abolition of formal government as a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement. | 8 | |
| 343508134 | Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) | Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells. | 9 | |
| 343508135 | Bolsheviks | literally the majority party, but actually a minority group; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin. | 10 | |
| 343508136 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | defeat by Japan resulted marked by strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms. | 11 | |
| 343508137 | Duma | Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms following the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II. | 12 | |
| 343508138 | Stolypin reforms | Russian minister who introduced reforms intended to placate the peasantry after the Revolution of 1905; included reduction of land redemption payments and an attempt to create a market- oriented peasantry. | 13 | |
| 343508139 | kulaks | agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production. | 14 | |
| 343508140 | terakoya | commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by mid-19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West. | 15 | |
| 343508141 | Dutch Studies | studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center. | 16 | |
| 343508142 | Matthew Perry | American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade. | 17 | |
| 343508143 | Meiji Restoration | power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period. | 18 | |
| 343508144 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it. | 19 | |
| 343508145 | zaibatsu | huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895): fought in Korea between Japan and Qing China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as new industrial power. | 20 | |
| 343508146 | "yellow peril" | Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism. | 21 |
