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| 158593652 | John F. Kennedy | president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the Cuban missile crisis; he was the president who went on tv and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet union to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the Berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. | |
| 158593653 | Jacqueline Kennedy | American first lady and wife of president Kennedy; she was known for her style and social grace; was used to create a favorable public opinion about his presidency. | |
| 158593654 | New Frontier | The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. | |
| 158593655 | Peace Corps | (JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America | |
| 158593656 | Alliance for Progress | (JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military | |
| 158593657 | Trade Expansion Act (1962) | Market treaty made with Western Europe that authorized tariff cuts of up to 50 percent in order to promote trade with Common Market countries. | |
| 158593658 | Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. | |
| 158593659 | Berlin Wall | In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989. | |
| 158593660 | Cuban missile crisis (1962) | Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. | |
| 158593661 | flexible response | the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons | |
| 158593662 | Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | (JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest we've ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign | |
| 158593663 | Warren Commission | Commission made by Lyndon B. Johnson after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assassination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren. | |
| 158593664 | Lyndon Johnson | signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid. | |
| 158593665 | Great Society | President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. | |
| 158593666 | War on Poverty | Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start. | |
| 158593667 | Michael Harrington, The Other America | As described in his book, the poor were trapped in a vicious cycle of want and a culture of deprivation. Because they could not afford good housing, a nutritious diet, and doctors, the poor got sick more often and for longer than more affluent Americans. | |
| 158593668 | Barry Goldwater | 1964; Republican contender against Lyndon B. Johnson for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history | |
| 158593669 | Medicare; Medicaid | a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. Medicare operates as a single-payer health care system | |
| 158593670 | Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) | Extended federal aid to private and parochial schools in addition to public schools and based the aid on the economic conditions of students rather than the need of the schools. | |
| 158593671 | Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed | 1965 - Nader said that poor design and construction of automobiles were the major causes of highway deaths. He upset Congress by asking for legislation regulating car design and creation of national auto safety board, NATA, | |
| 158593672 | Rachel Carson, Silent Spring | An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies. | |
| 158593673 | Lady Bird Johnson | The first lady; she contributed to improving the environment with her Beautify America Campaign. | |
| 158593674 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. | |
| 158593675 | Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | independent federal agency in the executive branch. Created in 1964, this agency works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance. It investigates complaints of discrimination; files lawsuits in cases of discrimination and is responsible for enforcing equal opportunity laws in federal departments, offices and agencies. | |
| 158593676 | Twenty-fourth Amendment | It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters. | |
| 158593677 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap | |
| 158593678 | James Meredith | He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy. | |
| 158593679 | Martin Luther King, Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) | |
| 158593680 | March on Washington; "I Have a Dream" speech | Led by King, this was one of the largest and most successful demonstration in US history. This march was in support of the civil rights bill. This speech appealed for the end of racial prejudice. | |
| 158593681 | Black Muslims | Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers. | |
| 158593682 | Malcolm X | 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality | |
| 158593683 | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee | Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism. | |
| 158593684 | Congress of Racial Equality | CORE was a civil rights organization. They were famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation. | |
| 158593685 | Stokely Carmichael | a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"Black power will smash everything Western civilization has created." | |
| 158593686 | Black Panthers | Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power. | |
| 158593687 | Watts riots | 1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country. | |
| 158593688 | Kerner Commission | nickname for the Nation Advisory Commission on civil Disorders, which blames the riots on an "explosive mixture" of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by "white racism" and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end de facto school segregation in the North | |
| 158593689 | Warren Court | The Warren Court was led by Earl Warren who was nominated by president Eisenhower to be Chief of Justice. The court took an activist stance, helping to shape national policy by taking a forceful stand on a number of key issues of the day. | |
| 158593690 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | 1954 supreme court ruling reversing the policy of segregation, declaring that separate can never be equal and a year later ordered the integration of all public schools with all deliberate speed society became less racist | |
| 158593691 | Gideon v. Wainwright | a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. | |
| 158593692 | Edcobedo v. Illinois | 1964, required police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent | |
| 158593693 | Miranda v. Arizona | Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. | |
| 158593694 | reapportionment | a new apportionment (especially a reallotments of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results) | |
| 158593695 | Baker v. Carr | (LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment. | |
| 158593696 | "one man, one vote" | According to this principle,the population size of congressional districts must be as equal as possible. Established in the early 1960, guides the process of reapportionment after every census. | |
| 158593697 | Yates v. United States | the First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a 'clear and present danger" to the safety of the country | |
| 158593698 | separation of church and state | idea that the government and religion should be separate, and not interfere in each other's affairs. In the United States, this idea is based on the First Amendment to the US Constitution, which states that the government cannot make any laws to establish a state religion or prohibit the free exercise of religion. | |
| 158593699 | Engel v. Vitale | The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren. | |
| 158593700 | Students for a Democratic Society | Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. | |
| 158593701 | New Left | Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam. | |
| 158593702 | counterculture | a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture | |
| 158593703 | sexual revolution | participants int he counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were labeled this | |
| 158593704 | women's movement | the movement fr womens right began in the US in 1848. women activists joined to found the int. council for women | |
| 158593705 | Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique | An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book. | |
| 158593706 | National Organization for Women | Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. | |
| 158593707 | Equal Pay Act (1963) | act that states equal work defined in terms of equal skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions; extra duties must actually be performed, a signification portion of job | |
| 158593708 | Equal Rights Amendment | Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process. | |
| 158593709 | Vietnam War | a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States | |
| 158593710 | Tonkin Gulf Resolution | Gave the president the authority to "take all necessary measures" to repel any attacks and "to prevent further aggression." The resolution became the legal basis for a war that would last for eight more years. | |
| 158593711 | Tet offensive | 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment | |
| 158593712 | hawks and doves | nicknames for the two opposing positions in American policy during the war in Vietnam. Hawks supported the escalation of the war and a "peace with honor." Doves argued that the US had wrongly intervened in a civil war and should withdraw its troops. | |
| 158593713 | Eugene McCarthy | 1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson on an anti-war platform. | |
| 158593714 | Robert Kennedy | He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans. | |
| 158593715 | George Wallace | racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot | |
| 158593716 | Hubert Humphrey | liberal senator from Minnesota and Lyndon Johnson's vice president who tried to united the party after the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago; he narrowly lost the presidency to Richard Nixon that year. |
