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| embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat | ||
| reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen | ||
| produces haploid megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes via mitosis | ||
| produces haploid microspores that give rise to male gametophytes via mitosis | ||
| develop into pollen grains and contain male gametophytes | ||
| the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules | ||
| the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances via air or animal | ||
| gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophye within the ovule | ||
| remain dormant for days to years, until condition are favorable for germination. and they may be transported long distances by wind or animals | ||
| gymnosperms, no fruit | ||
| cycadophyta (cycads), gingkophyta , coniferophyta (conifers such as pine, fir, and redwood) | ||
| gymnosperms and angiosperms | ||
| appear early in fossil record and dominated Mesozioc terrestrial ecosystem, they are better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions, today dominate in the northern latitudes | ||
| large cones and palm like leaves, thrived during Mesozoic, few exist today | ||
| one living species: ginkgo biloba, high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree, female tree is stinky | ||
| the largest gymnosperm phyla, most are evergreens and carry out photosynthesis year round | ||
| douglas fir, european larch, bristlecone pine, sequoia, common juniper | ||
| thought to reach an age far greater than any other single living organism, up to 5,000 years | ||
| dominance of the sporophyte generation, development of seeds from fertilized ovules, transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen | ||
| pine tree= sporophyte, produces sporangia in males and female cones, cones produce microspores called pollen grains, each contains a male gametophyte, larger cones contain ovules, produce megaspores that develop into female gametophyte, nearly three years for cone production to mature seed | ||
| seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits, most widespread and diverse of all plants | ||
| all angiosperms are classified in this single phylum | ||
| angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction, some species pollinated by insects or animals, others by wind | ||
| enclose the flower | ||
| brightly colored and attract pollinators | ||
| produce pollen on their terminal anthers | ||
| which produce ovules, consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received | ||
| typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts, protect seeds and aid in their dispersal, can be either fleshy or dry | ||
| tomato, grapefruit, nectarine, milkweed, hazelnut | ||
| flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures, male gametophytes in pollen grains produced by microsporangia of anthers, female gametophytes (or embryo sac), develops within an ovule in an ovary at the base of a stigma, pollen grain lands on a stigma germinates and pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down the ovary, double fertilization occurs. | ||
| most flowers have a mechanism to ensure this which is fertilization of flowers by different plants of the same species | ||
| the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule, one sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte ad initiates development of food storing endosperm | ||
| nourishes the developing embryo | ||
| consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons | ||
| seed leaves that are in the embryo | ||
| monocots and dicots | ||
| more than one quarter of angiosperm species are these, have one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous roots, pollen grain with one opening, flowers in multiples of threes | ||
| more than two thirds of angiosperm species are these, two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot present, pollen grain with three openings, flowers in multiples of four or five | ||
| most primitive flowering plant, most are big and all white, include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants, more closely related to monocots | ||
| destruction of habitat causes extinction, this is often accompanied by loss of animal species that plants support, at this rate, 50% of Earth's species will become extinct within the next 100-200 years | ||
| flowers, seeds, and fruit | ||
| orchids, lilies, plams, grasses like barley | ||
| rose, poppi, zucchini | ||
| pollination of flowers and transport of seeds by animals, pseudocopulation (bees ejaculating on flowers), pheromones |
