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| 164241600 | conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes | |
| 164241601 | religious fundamentalism | religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy | |
| 164241602 | political action committees | Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures. | |
| 164241603 | abortion rights; Roe v. Wade | the legalization in this case (1978) sparked the right to-life movement that joined together Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believed that human life began at the moment of conception | |
| 164241604 | reverse discrimination | Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people | |
| 164241605 | Regents of University of California v. Bakke | 1978 supreme court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race | |
| 164241606 | Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, Jesse Jackson first black presidential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as vice president running mate (first woman) | |
| 164241607 | supply-side economics (Reaganomics) | The idea that by supplying workers with jobs to make products, you give them pay to buy products which gives more money to more people | |
| 164241608 | Sandra Day O'Connor; William Rehnquist | The first woman on the supreme court who was appointed by Reagan; The new chief justice of the supreme court; he helped to place restrictions on the passed Roe v. Wade decision; such as minors requiring parental consent before having an abortion | |
| 164241609 | budget and trade deficits | Reached a staggering $150 billion a year due to increase consumption of foreign made luxury items; resulted in the US becoming a debtor nation for the first time since WWI | |
| 164241610 | evil empire | Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression. | |
| 164241611 | Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) | Reagan renewed the arms race with the soviets in an attempt to force them into negotiations to reduce their nuclear capacity by announcing the development of a high-technology missile defense system of satellites that could destroy enemy missiles before they reached the U.S. | |
| 164241612 | Iran contra affair | President Reagan authorized the off-the-books sale of stolen weapons from the Pentagon to Iran in order to fund the Nicaraguan Contras; Congress had forbidden him to use government funds to support the Contras; helped keep Iraq from winning the Iraq-Iran War (did not want a Middle Eastern superpower); very illegal (Iran was considered a terrorist state) and almost caused Reagan to be impeached. | |
| 164241613 | Middle East; Palestine Liberation Organization | Israel in the Middle East, with the permission of the US, invaded southern Lebanon to stop PLO terrorists from invading Israel; US became involved and many terrorist attacks occurred following; A group that the US worked to move to a safe haven; also had terrorists that tried to invade Israel | |
| 164241614 | Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost, perestroika | A dynamic reformer who became the new Soviet leader in 1985; "openness" to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens; Restructuring of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices. | |
| 164241615 | George H. Bush, Dan Quayle | A former ambassador to the UN and director of the CIA who became the first president to define the US role in foreign policy in the new era following the end of the Cold War; the other Republican candidate for the presidential race preceding the election in 1988. | |
| 164241616 | Soviet Union breakup; end of Cold War | In 1990 the declaring of independence by Soviet Baltic republics; this was a result of the signing of the START I and II treaties that offered U.S. assistance to the Russian economy | |
| 164241617 | Boris Yeltsin | Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The Yeltsin era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. In June 1991 Yeltsin came to power on a wave of high expectations. On June 12 Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. By the time he left office, Yeltsin was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates. | |
| 164241618 | Panama invasion | Bush ordered this to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega; the alleged purpose of this was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the U.S. | |
| 164241619 | Saddam Hussein | As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. | |
| 164241620 | Persian Gulf War | a 1991 war in which the United States and its UN allies drove invading Iraqi forces out of neighboring Kuwait | |
| 164241621 | Operation Desert Storm | Military operations that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition. | |
| 164241622 | Americans With Disabilities Act | Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings. | |
| 164241623 | William (Bill) Clinton | 42nd President advocated economic and health care reform, second president to be impeached | |
| 164241624 | Albert Gore | Al Gore was Clinton's vice-president and a candidate for the 2000 presidential election. His running caused on of the closest elections in history and a fiasco with the voting system. | |
| 164241625 | North American Free Trade Agreement | NAFTA an alliance that merges Canada, Mexico and the United States into a single market | |
| 164241626 | Oklahoma City bombing | Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center. | |
| 164241627 | e-commerce | the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet | |
| 164241628 | Clinton impeachment and trial | Seen by the democrats as a right wing way to overturn the elections of 1992 and 1996, it was an attempt to remove him from office. Although neither impeachment charge was upheld by a Senate majority, Not even a 2/3 majority was established. The Republicans managed to damage Clinton's reputation by making him the first president to be impeached since 1868. | |
| 164241629 | Madeleine K. Albright | first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996 and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997. | |
| 164241630 | Yugoslavia breakup | 1990s bosnia, balkan countries, due to religion and ethnicity | |
| 164241631 | Balkan Wars | two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe | |
| 164241632 | Bosnia | a mountainous republic of south-central Europe | |
| 164241633 | Kosovo | a Serbian province in southern Yugoslavia populated predominantly by Albanians | |
| 164241634 | ethnic cleansing | the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area | |
| 164241635 | nuclear proliferation | the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not have nuclear capabilities | |
| 164241636 | globalization | The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world. | |
| 164241637 | World Trade Organization | an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade | |
| 164241638 | European Union (EU) | regional economical union of most European countries, formed as a result of the 2 world wars and the European nations' desire to hold their own in the world's political and economic stage | |
| 164241639 | euro | the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999) | |
| 164241640 | metropolitan areas | region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs | |
| 164241641 | George W. Bush, Dick Cheney | The Republican nominee for the presidential election in 2000. George W. Bush's selected running mate. | |
| 164241642 | Bush v. Gore | a United States Supreme Court case heard on December 11, 2000. In a per curium opinion, by a vote of 7-2, the Court held that the Florida Supreme Court's scheme for recounting ballots was unconstitutional, and by a vote of 5-4, the Court held that no alternative scheme could be established within the time limits established by Florida Legislature.[1]. The per curium opinion was argued on the basis of Equal Protection.[2] | |
| 164241643 | No Child Left Behind Act | Federal law enacted in January 2002 that introduced new accountability measures for elementary and secondary schools in all states that wish to receive federal aid. | |
| 164241644 | education reform | teacher training institutes; number of teachers tripled, number of schools quintupled, volunteers teach reading and writing all over island; illiteracy disappears, education free from nursery to university, highest literacy rate in hemisphere, huge book production increases | |
| 164241645 | corporate corruption | fraud and dishonesty committed by business leaders; also hurts the stock market and consumer confidence in the economy | |
| 164241646 | campaign-finance reform | Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups | |
| 164241647 | September 11, 2001 | Islamic suicide attacks on Both World Trade center buildings in New York and on the Pentagon in Virginia | |
| 164241648 | terrorism | the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature | |
| 164241649 | al Qaeda | a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 | |
| 164241650 | Osama bin Laden | Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957) | |
| 164241651 | Afghanistan | a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia | |
| 164241652 | axis of evil | President Bush called countries such as North Korea, Iraq, & Iran who were increasing their capabilities of using these WMDs | |
| 164241653 | Homeland Security Department | This department combined over 20 federal agencies with 170,000 employees, including Customs, Immigration and Naturalization, the Coast Guard, and the Secret Service. It was one of the largest governmental reorganizations since the introduction of the Department of Defense following World War II. | |
| 164241654 | Iraq | a republic in the Middle East in western Asia | |
| 164241655 | weapons of mass destruction | Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. These weapons are capable of destroying enormous numbers of people and vast areas, hence the name. Saddam Hussein has used these on the Iranian army during the Iran-Iraq War, and on the Kurds in 1988. | |
| 164241656 | regime change | the replacement of a country's government with another government by facilitating the deposing of its leader or leading political party | |
| 164241657 | preemptive strike | commonly refers to an attack made upon an enemy as a precautionary response to an anticipated or impending war, such as in a preemptive war. | |
| 164241658 | UN inspections | Saddam in Iraq resisted the sanctions and UN inspections | |
| 164241659 | Colin Powell | Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff. | |
| 164241660 | Iraq war | War in which US successfully took down a dominating dictator and is currently helping them "get back on their feet". | |
| 164241661 | Operation Iraqi Freedom | an invasion led by the United States in 2003 to stop the development of nuclear weapons by Iraq |
