cambell's bio textbook used in BIO 3B
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| 765095544 | Invertebrates | animals that lack a backbone | |
| 765095545 | Invertebrate Phyla | Porifera- sponges ; lack true tissues Cnidaria - corals,jellies, hydras Ctenophora- comb jelly - make up most the ocean's plankton | |
| 765095546 | Lophotrochozoan Phyla | Platyhelminthes- flat worms Rotifera- have an alimentary canal- feed on organisms suspended in water Brachiopoda- lamp shells; have stalks that anchors them to their substrate and a crown of cilia called lophophore Ectoprocta- live as sessile colonies covered by tough exoskeltons Acanthocephala- spiny-headed worms; parasites Cycliophora- Symbion pandora- lives on the mouthparts of lobsters Mollusca- squids, snails, clams, Annelida- segmented worms | |
| 765095547 | Ecdysozoan Phyla | Priapula- wroms with large rounded proboscis at one end ( looks like a penis kinda)- burrow in seafloor sediments Onychophora- velvet worms Nematoda- roundworms Tardigrada- water bears Arthropoda- insects, crustaceans and arachnids | |
| 765095548 | Deuterostomia | Hemichordata- acorn worms Chordata- have backbones, tunicates, lancelets, and hagfishes Echinodermata- sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins | |
| 765095549 | Phylum Porifera | sponges- basal animals | |
| 765095550 | Suspension Feeders | - sponges capture food particles suspended in water that passes thru their body | |
| 765095551 | Spongocoel | central cavity of a sponge | |
| 765095552 | Osculum | larger opening of the sponge where water flows out of it | |
| 765095553 | Choanocytes | flagellated cells that line the inside of the spongocoel - engulf bacteria and other food particles via phagocytosis | |
| 765095554 | Mesohyl | region that separates the two layers of cells in a sponge | |
| 765095555 | Amoebocytes | - cells that move thru the mesohyl - transport nutrients to other cells of the body - produce materials for skeletal fibers (spicules) - can become any type of cell the sponge needs | |
| 765095556 | Hermaphrodites | each individual sponge functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction | |
| 765259366 | Phylum Cnidaria | -have sessile and motile forms - first animal with tissues (endoderm & ectoderm) -diploblastic ex: hydras, corals, and jellies | |
| 765259367 | Gastrovascular cavity | digestive compartment | |
| 765259368 | Cnidarians have 2 different body plans | polyp and medusa | |
| 765259369 | Polyps | cylindrical forms adhering to a substrate by the aboral end of the their body - have tentacles near the mouth/anus Ex: hydra and sea anenomes | |
| 765259370 | Medusa | free floating bell shaped body - mouth faces down ex: jellies | |
| 765259371 | Cnidocytes | cells on tentacles that function in defense and prey capture | |
| 765259372 | Nematocysts | contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the body wall of cnidarian's prey - contained inside a cnidocyte | |
| 765259373 | Outer layer of a Cnidarian | epidermis | |
| 765259374 | Inner layer of a Cnidarian | gastrodermis | |
| 767709872 | Mesoglea | seperates the epidermis from the gastrodermis | |
| 765259375 | 4 Classes of Phylum Cnidaria | Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa | |
| 765259376 | Class Hydrozoa | - alternate between polyp and medusa forms ex: Obelia ex: Hydras- unique b/c they exist in polyp form only | |
| 765259377 | Obelia Life Cycle | 1.) Colony of interconnected polyps (2n) 2.) Some polyps are equipped with tentacles for feeding 3.) others are specialized for reproduction --> produce tiny medusa by asexual budding 4.) Medusa swim off and reproduce sexually- one type producing sperm (n), another type producing an egg(n) 5.) Egg and sperm fuse into a zygote (2n) 6.) Zygote develops into a solid ciliated larva = planula 7.) Planula develops into a new polyp (2n) | |
| 765259378 | Class Scyphozoa | -medusa form is predominant ex: jellies | |
| 765259379 | Class Cubozoans | - box-shaped medusa - have complex eyes embedded in their fringe of their medusa ex: sea wasp- a box jelly | |
| 765259380 | Class Anthozoa | ex: sea anenomes and corals - occur only as polyps - many have a hard external skeleton made of calcium carbonate | |
| 765704049 | Phylum Platyhelminthes | flatworms - Tubellarians - can be free-living or parasitic - acoelomates - gas exchange occurs via diffusion across the skin - have a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening | |
| 765704050 | Protonephridia | networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside | |
| 765704051 | Planarians | free-living flatworms ex: Dugesia - reproduce asexually via fission | |
| 765704052 | Anatomy of a Planarian | Pharynx Ganglia Ventral Nerve Cords Eyespots- light receptors Mouth | |
| 765704053 | Trematodes | - alternating sexual and asexual stages - require an intermediate host ex: Blood fluke- Schistosoma | |
| 765704054 | Life Cycle of a Blood Fluke | 1.) mature flukes live in blood vessels of human intestines 2.) flukes reproduce sexually in host. Fertilized eggs exit the host in feces 3.) If the human feces reach a pond or other source of water, the eggs develop into ciliated larvae. Larvae infect snails (intermediate snails) 4.) Asexual reproduction inside snail results in a motile larva, which escapes the snail host 5.) Larvae penetrate the skin and blood vessels of humans working in the water with contaminate fluke larvae | |
| 765704055 | Tapeworms | -parasitic flatworms - has a scolex on the head with suckers - absorb nutrients thru its body surface - does not have a mouth - proglottids- little sacs of sex organs behind the scolex | |
| 766371971 | Phylum Rotifera | rotifers- tiny animals that inhabit freshwater, marine, and damp soil habitats - have an alimentary canal (mouth, stomach, anus) - have a crown of cilia that draw a vortex of water into the mouth | |
| 766371972 | Alimentary Canal | digestive tube with 2 openings --> a mouth and anus | |
| 766371973 | Parthenogenesis | - females produce more females from unfertilized eggs - type of asexual reproduction seen in rotifers | |
| 767709873 | Lophophorates | - animals that have lophophore = a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth - are coelomates - bilaterians in the phyla: Ectoprocta & Brachiopoda | |
| 767709874 | Ectoprocts | -colonial animals like look like clumps of moss - have a hard exoskeleton with pores that the lophophore come out of - live in the ocean and freshwater - "net" animals | |
| 767709875 | Brachiopods | lamp shells - resemble clams--> have a hinged shell - marine | |
| 767709876 | Molluscs | snails, oysters, clams, octopi, squids Phylum: Mollusca - soft bodied, most form a protective shell made of calcium carbonate - calcium carbonate mixed with agragonite - forms pretty colors (think pearls) -coelomates | |
| 767709877 | 3 Main Body parts of a Molluscs | Foot = used for movement Visceral mass = contains the internal organs Mantle = fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass, secretes the shell | |
| 767709878 | Mantle Cavity | water filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores | |
| 767709879 | Radula | strap-like organ that molluscs use to scrape and scoop up food (algae) - located in the mouth region | |
| 767709880 | Nephridium | excretory organs that remove metabolic wastes from the hemolymph | |
| 767709881 | Heart | pumps hemolymph through the open circulatory system | |
| 767709882 | 4 Classes of Mollusca | Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda | |
| 767709883 | Chitons | class: Polyplacophora - shell composed of 8 dorsal plates (8 valves) -marine | |
| 767709884 | Gastropods | Class: Gastropoda- snails - marine, freswater, and terrestrial - some have single spiraled shell - univalvular | |
| 767709885 | Torsion | - developmental process in gastropods - its visceral mass rotates 180 degrees, causing its anus and mantle cavity to wind up above its head | |
| 767709886 | Bivalves | Class Bivalvia - clams, oysters - shell divided into 2 halves - have no radula or head - have a foot and gills that used for gas exchange & feeding - suspension feeders - mainly sedentary | |
| 768547224 | Cephalopods | Class Cephalopoda - marine predators - use tentacles to grasp prey - only molluscs with a closed circulatory system - blood is seperate from fluid in the body cavity | |
| 768547225 | Annelids | Phylum Annelida - segmented worms -coelomates - 2 Classes: Polychaeta and Oligochaeta | |
| 768547226 | Polychaetes | have parapodia for locomotion and function as gills ex: Christmas tree worm | |
| 768547227 | Oligochaetes | -earthworms and leeches - no parapodia | |
| 768547228 | Earthworms | eat soil - till and aerate the soil --> helps farmers - hermaphrodites | |
| 768547229 | Earthworm Anatomy | Chaetae Cerebral ganglia Ventral Nerve cords with segmental ganglia Coelom Circulatory System Metanephridium | |
| 768547230 | Chaetae | -each segment of the body has four pairs of them - bristles that provide traction for burrowing | |
| 768547231 | Coelom | it is partitioned by septa | |
| 768547232 | Ventral Nerve Cords with segmental ganglia | Nerve cords penetrate the septa and run the length of the worm | |
| 768547233 | Circulatory system | - closed - dorsal and ventral vessels are joined via segmental pairs of vessels | |
| 768547234 | Cerebral ganglia | - located above and in front of the pharynx - a ring around the pharynx connects to a ganglion that runs the length of the body | |
| 768547235 | Metanephridium | a pair of excretory tubes in each segment of the worm with ciliated openings - removes metabolic wastes from the blood - removes ammonia & its compounds - will evolve into kidneys in other organisms | |
| 768547236 | Nephrostomes | ciliated funnel-shaped openings of the metanephridium | |
| 768547237 | Ecdysozoa | - animal that shed their exoskeleton ( aka cuticle) as they grow = ecdysis ( or molting) ex: nematodes and arthropods | |
| 768547238 | Nematodes | Phylum Nematoda - roundworms - parasites - no segmented bodies - have an alimentary canal, but no circulatory system ex: Trichinella spiralis- encysts in muscle tissue and causes trichinosis ` | |
| 768547239 | Arthropods | Phylum Arthropoda - crustaceans, insects, arachnids - segmented body, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages -specialized appendages for walking, swimming, feeding, etc. - body covered by an exoskeleton - open circulatory system - coelomates | |
| 768547240 | Open Circulatory System | hemolymph is propelled by the heart through short arteries and then into spaces called sinuses surronding organs and tissue | |
| 768547241 | Hemocoel | hemolymph filled body sinuses | |
| 768547242 | Chelicerates | sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders | |
| 768547243 | Myriapods | centipedes and millipedes | |
| 768547244 | Hexapods | insects | |
| 768547245 | Crustaceans | crabs, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles | |
| 768659022 | Chelicerates | Subphylum Chelicerata - have chelicerae = clawlike feeding appendages which serve as pinchers or fangs - lack antennae - have a cephalothorax and an abdomen | |
| 768659023 | Eurypterids | extinct -earliest chelicerates - water scorpions | |
| 768659024 | Arachnids | scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites | |
| 768659025 | Arachnid Anatomy | six legs and pedipalps - pair of appendages that function in sensing, feeding, or reproduction | |
| 768659026 | Book gills | staked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber - where gas exchange is carried out | |
| 768659027 | Myriapods | millipedes (herbivores)and centipedes (carnivores) - have mandibles= mouthparts | |
| 768659028 | Insects | subphylum (Hexapoda) - 3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen - can fly | |
| 768659029 | Malpighian tubes | -removes metabolic wastes from the hemolymph -outpocketings of the digestive tract | |
| 768659030 | Tracheal tubes | where gas exchange occurs - branched chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body & carry oxygen to cells - tracheal system opens to the outside of the body through spiracles | |
| 768659031 | Spiracles | pores that can control air flow and water loss by opening/closing | |
| 768672044 | Incomplete Metamorphosis | ex: grasshoppers - young(nymph) resemble the adults but lack wings - nymph undergoes series of molts and gradually looks more like the adult and becomes sexually mature | |
| 768672045 | Complete Metamorphosis | larvae stages specialized for eating and growing - larval stage looks entirely different from the adult larva--> pupa in a cocoon --> adult | |
| 768672046 | Crustaceans | - mostly aquatic - 2 pairs of antennae - legs present on thorax and abdomen - lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles - have a thick carapace that covers the cephalothorax | |
| 768672047 | Deuterostomia | Phylum Chordata and Phylum Echinodermata | |
| 769104154 | Echinoderms | ex: Sea stars - slow-moving or sessile - have skeletal bumps or spines - have a water vascular system - pentaradial symmetry- with 5 arms | |
| 769104155 | Water vascular system | network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet that function in feeding/locomotion | |
| 769104156 | 5 Clades of Echinoderms | Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinodea Crinoidea Holothuroidea | |
| 769104157 | Asteroidea | sea stars & sea daises - 5 arms radiating from a central disk - have tube feet for feeding and suction - can re-grow a lost arm - ejects its stomach outside of its body to feed on bivalves | |
| 769104158 | Madreporite | pore that allows water to flow in/out of the water vascular system and into the surrounding water | |
| 769104159 | Central disk | has a nerve ring and nerve cords radiating from the ring into the arms | |
| 769104160 | Radial canal | water vascular system consists of a ring canal in the central disk and five radial canals running down a groove in each arm - branching from each radial canal are hundreds of hollow tube feet filled with fluid | |
| 769104161 | Tube feet | consists of a bulb-like ampulla & a podium (foot) - allows them to regulate water pressure for locomotion | |
| 769104162 | How does the sea star move and adhere to rocks? | - When ampulla squeezes, water is forced into the podium, expanding and contracting the substrate. - adhesive chemicals are secreted from the base of podium, attaching it to the substrate - to detach tube foot, de-adhesive chemicals are secreted and muslces in podium contract--> forces water back into the ampulla & it shortens the podium | |
| 769104163 | Ophiuroidea | Brittle stars - central disk with long, flexible stars | |
| 769104164 | Echinoidea | sea urchin and sand dollars - no arms, long spines on their bodies - tube feet | |
| 769104165 | Crinoidea | feather stars and sea lillies | |
| 769104166 | Holothuroidea | sea cucumbers - lack spines, have tube feet |
