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| 2706322588 | Invertebrates | animals that lack a backbone, account for more than 95% of species, morphologically diverse and occupy almost every habitat on Earth | 0 | |
| 2728954971 | Figure 33.1 |  | 1 | |
| 2728955582 | Figure 33.3a |  | 2 | |
| 2706326299 | Phylum Porifera | known informally as sponges, lives in marine and fresh water are sedentary and lack true tissues and organs | 3 | |
| 2706330238 | Filter Feeders | captures food particles suspended in water that passes through their body | 4 | |
| 2706335453 | Spongocoel | drawing of water through pores into a cavity | 5 | |
| 2706336463 | Osculum | an opening through which water goes out | 6 | |
| 2706340287 | Choanocytes | flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food | 7 | |
| 2706341469 | Hermaphrodites | individual functioning both as male and female | 8 | |
| 2706344189 | Mesohyl | layer between two cell layers | 9 | |
| 2706344596 | Amoebocytes | found in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and in structure | 10 | |
| 2728957647 | Figure 33.4 |  | 11 | |
| 2706353443 | Clade Eumetazoan | includes all animals with true tissues except sponges which lack true tissues | 12 | |
| 2706354979 | Phylum Cnidaria | diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras. They exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan. Their body is a sac with a central digestive compartment, and a single opening functions as mouth and anus | 13 | |
| 2706363211 | Gastrovascular Cavity | primary organ of digestion and circulation | 14 | |
| 2706368287 | What are the two variations body plan of phylum Cnidaria | Sessile polyp and motile medusa | 15 | |
| 2706368974 | Polyp | adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body | 16 | |
| 2706370661 | Medusa | a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside, and they do not attach to the substrate but move freely | 17 | |
| 2706375094 | Gastrodermis | covering that goes all the way around the gastrovascular cavity | 18 | |
| 2728959247 | Figure 33.5 |  | 19 | |
| 2706378345 | Cnidocytes | unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey and are on tentacles of cnidarians | 20 | |
| 2706388335 | Nematocysts | specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread | 21 | |
| 2728960001 | Figure 33.6 |  | 22 | |
| 2706408393 | What are the 2 major clades of Phylum Cnidaria | Medusozoa and Anthozoa | 23 | |
| 2728961344 | Figure 33.7 |  | 24 | |
| 2706410295 | Medusozoans | include all cnidarians that produce a medusa | 25 | |
| 2706411116 | What are the 3 class of clade Medusozoans | Scyphozoans (jellies) Cubozoans (box jellies) Hydrozoans (Hydra, Obelia, Portuguese man of-war) | 26 | |
| 2728962106 | Figure 33.7a |  | 27 | |
| 2706424798 | Phylum Cnidaria: Medusozoa | most hydrozoans alternate between polyp and medusa forms Hydra, a freshwater cnidaraian, exists only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by buddying. | 28 | |
| 2728965424 | Figure 33.8a |  | 29 | |
| 2728966435 | Figure 33.8 Life cycle of Obelia |  | 30 | |
| 2728965151 | Medusa is the predominant stage in which clades of phylum Cnidaria | Medusa is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans (jellies) and cubozoans (box jellies) | 31 | |
| 2706455078 | Give an example of medusozoa life cycle | coastal scyphozoans (jellies) have a brief polyp stage, whereas open oean species generally have no polyp stage | 32 | |
| 2706460359 | Cubozoans | the medusa is box-shaped and they have highly toxic cnidocytes for example, the sting of the sea wasp off the coast of northern Australia can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and death within minutes | 33 | |
| 2706467284 | Clade Anthozoa | inclues the corals and sea anemones anthozoans occur only as polyps corals often form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard exoskeleton | 34 | |
| 2728967266 | Figure 33.3ba Invertebrates diversity |  | 35 | |
| 2706469328 | Exoskeleton | external skeleton | 36 | |
| 2706470859 | Corals Generation | each generation grows on the skeletal remains of the previous generation, forming "rocks" that provide habitat for other species | 37 | |
| 2706483892 | Bilaterian Animals | have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development, most have a coelom and a digestive tract with two openings | 38 | |
| 2706486239 | Clade Bilateria | contains Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia | 39 | |
| 2706487375 | Clade Lophotrochozoa | identified by molecular data some devvelp a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stagem and a few have neither feature | 40 | |
| 2706489816 | What species does lophotrochozoa includes? | the flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids | 41 | |
| 2706494682 | Phylum Platyhelminthes | members live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats includes flatworms | 42 | |
| 2706506189 | Flatworms | undergo triploblastic development, they are acoelomates, and have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening Gas exchange takes place across the surface, and protonephridia regulate the osmotic balance, Their dorsoventrally flattened shape maximizes surface area for gas exchange | 43 | |
| 2728969693 | Figure 33.9a Gas exchange of flatworms |  | 44 | |
| 2706534761 | Protonephridia | an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and performs a function similar to the vertebrate kidney | 45 | |
| 2706541193 | Name two lineages flatworms are divided into | Catenulida, or "chain worms," reproduce asexually by budding Rhabditophora are more diverse and include both free-living and parasitic species | 46 | |
| 2706545032 | Flatworms Free-Living Species | best-known rhabditophorans are planarians | 47 | |
| 2706548753 | Planarians | live in fresh-water and prey on smaller animals have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets their nervous system is more complex and centralized they are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually, or asexually through fission | 48 | |
| 2706552694 | Fission Reproduction | reproduce by breaking one end from another or into half | 49 | |
| 2706554842 | Flatworm Parasitic Species | rhabditophorans live in or on other animals | 50 | |
| 2706557209 | What are 2 important groups of parasitic rabditophorans | trematodes and the tapeworms | 51 | |
| 2706568224 | Phylum Platyhelminthes: Trematodes | parasitize wide range of hosts, and most have complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in snail hosts | 52 | |
| 2706574153 | How do trematodes manipulate host's immune system | they produce surface proteins that mimic theirs host and release molecules that manipulate the host's immune system | 53 | |
| 2728970759 | Figure 33.11 Life cycle of trematodes |  | 54 | |
| 2706640366 | Phylum Platyhelminthes: Tapeworms | tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system, they absorb nutrients from the host's intestine. The scolex contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host | 55 | |
| 2706643886 | What are proglottides | Proglottids are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex. Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the host's body in feces | 56 | |
| 2706646793 | Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers) | Rotifers are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil They are smaller than many protists but are truly multi-cellular and specialized organs systems | 57 | |
| 2728973086 | Figure 33.13 |  | 58 | |
| 2706656730 | Alimentary Canal | a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom | 59 | |
| 2706657924 | Parthenogenesis | reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs | 60 | |
| 2706661811 | Lophophorates | have a lophophore, a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth have a true coelom | 61 | |
| 2706675588 | Which two phyla does lophophorates includes? | Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda | 62 | |
| 2706676748 | Phylum Ectoprocta | Ectoprocts also called bryozoans are sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants a hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and some species are reef builders | 63 | |
| 2706679028 | Phylum Brachiopods | superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams they are marine and most attach to the seafloor by stalk | 64 | |
| 2728975869 | Figure 33.3bb |  | 65 | |
| 2706681969 | Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs) | includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell | 66 | |
| 2706693560 | Molluscs Habbitat | most molluscs are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestial | 67 | |
| 2706739569 | Molluscs body plan | all molluscs have a similar body plan with 3 main parts Muscular foot Visceral mass Mantle many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike radula | 68 | |
| 2728978539 | Figure 33.15 Basic body plan of a mollusc |  | 69 | |
| 2706745909 | Mollusca Sexes | most molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass, but may snails are hermaphrodites | 70 | |
| 2706749513 | Life Cycle of Mollusca | the life cycle of many molluscs includes a ciliated larva stage called a trochophore | 71 | |
| 2706750218 | Trochophore | a type of free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia (hair like thing around mouth) | 72 | |
| 2706871620 | What are the four major classes of molluscs? | Polyplacophora (chitons) Gastropoda (snails and slugs) Bivalvia (clams, oyster, and other bivalves) Cephalopoda (squids, octopses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses) | 73 | |
| 2706876972 | Phylum Mollusca: Chitons | chitons are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates they use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock, and their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface | 74 | |
| 2728979565 | Figure 33.16 Chitons |  | 75 | |
| 2706891574 | Gastropods | about three-quarters of all living species of molluscs are gastropods | 76 | |
| 2706895293 | Habitat of Gastropods | most are marine, but many are freshwater and terrestrial species | 77 | |
| 2706896550 | How do Gastropods move? | Gastropods move slowly by a rippling motion of the foot or by cilia | 78 | |
| 2706897737 | How many shells do gastropods have? | most have a single, spiraled shell that functions in protection from injury, dehydration, and predation | 79 | |
| 2706899404 | How do Gastropods feed? | most are herbivores, but some species use modified radula to feed on pray | 80 | |
| 2706909196 | Phylum Mollusca: Bivalves | Bivalves are aquatic and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops they have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles some ahve eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle | 81 | |
| 2706915432 | How do Bivalves feed and breath? | the mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange most species are sedentary, but some have limited motility | 82 | |
| 2728980931 | Figure 33.19 Anatomy of Clam |  | 83 | |
| 2706927259 | Phylum Mollusca: Cephalopods | Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and a complex brain One small group of shelled cephalopods, the nautiluses, survives today | 84 | |
| 2706920099 | How do Cephalopods feed and immobilize their pray? | Cephalopods are carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot they are able to immobilize prey with a poison present in their saliva most octopuses creep along the sea floor in search of prey | 85 | |
| 2706923819 | What allows squids to swim quickly? | Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly | 86 |
