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| 57492367 | Muhammad Ali | Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849) | 0 | |
| 57492368 | Mahmud II | 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. He was born at Topkapi Palace, Constantinople, the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His reign is notable mostly for the extensive legal and military reforms he instituted | 1 | |
| 57492369 | Abd al-Hamid | 1725-89, Ottoman sultan (1774-89), brother and successor of Mustafa III. His reign, one of decline for the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), saw the end of the war of 1768-74 and the beginning of the war of 1787-91 with Catherine II of Russia | 2 | |
| 57492370 | Alexander II | the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881) | 3 | |
| 57492371 | Sergei Witte | highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. He served under the last two emperors of Russia. He was also the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, a precursor to Russia's first constitution, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Russian Empire | 4 | |
| 57492372 | Lin Zexu | Chinese scholar and official during the Qing dynasty. He is most recognized for his conduct and his constant position on the "high moral ground" in his fight, as a "shepherd" of his people, against the opium trade in Guangzhou. Although the non-medicinal consumption of opium was banned by Emperor Yongzheng in 1729 | 5 | |
| 57492373 | Hong Xiuquan | a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. | 6 | |
| 57492374 | Empress Dowager Cixi | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. | 7 | |
| 57492375 | Commodore Mathew Perry | After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation | 8 | |
| 57492376 | Emperor Mutsuhito(Meiji) | Became the young emperor after the collapse of the Shogunate. He realized the need for reform. This reform came through his reign know as the Meiji (Enlightened Rule). | 9 | |
| 57492377 | Ito Hirobumi | he led a comission that traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S. to study their governments | 10 | |
| 57492378 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. | 11 | |
| 57492379 | The "capitulations" | contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or ahdnames, were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions | 12 | |
| 57492380 | Tanzimat Reforms | contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or ahdnames, were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions | 13 | |
| 57492381 | Young Turks | coalition of various groups favoring reformation of the administration of the Ottoman Empire. The movement was against the monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a re-installation of the shortlived Kanûn-ı Esâsî constitution. They established the second constitutional era in 1908 with what would become known as the Young Turk Revolution. | 14 | |
| 57492382 | Crimean War | fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia on the other. | 15 | |
| 57492383 | Zemstvos | form of local government instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia. The idea of zemstvo was elaborated by Nikolay Milyutin, and the first zemstvo laws were promulgated in 1864. After the October Revolution of 1917, the zemstvo system was shut down in most of Russia while still being operational where Bolsheviks failed to take power | 16 | |
| 57492384 | Soviets | a Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers. | 17 | |
| 57492385 | Duma | Russian national legislature | 18 | |
| 57492386 | Cohong System | Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation | 19 | |
| 57492387 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | 20 | |
| 57492388 | Unequal Treaties | treaties between China and the Western powers after the Opium War that vastly favored the Western powers | 21 | |
| 57492389 | Taiping Revolution | raged throughout most of China and brought the Qing dynasty to the brink collapse | 22 | |
| 57492390 | Self-Strengthening Movement | 1861-1895 was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers | 23 | |
| 57492391 | Spheres of Influence | sections of a country where foreign nations enjoy special rights. China was split into these during the age of imperialism | 24 | |
| 57492392 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | 25 | |
| 57492393 | Tokugawa Shogunate | feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city, Edo, which now is called Tokyo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. | 26 | |
| 57492394 | Meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. | 27 | |
| 57492395 | Daimyo | a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | 28 |
