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| 1151406030 | Taft-Hartley Act (1947) | Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize. It also required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath, which purged the union movement of many of its most committed and active organizers. | 0 | |
| 1151406031 | Harry S. Truman | (1945-1949) and (1949-1953), Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. Created the CIA. | 1 | |
| 1151406032 | Operation Dixie | Aimed at unionizing southern textile workers and steelworkers, failed in 1948 to overcome lingering fears of racial mixing. | 2 | |
| 1151406033 | Employment Act (1946) | Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisers to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power. | 3 | |
| 1151406034 | Serviceman's Readjustment Act (1944) | 1944, Known as the GI bill; it provides Veterans of WWII with unemployment insurance and money for housing and college. Promoting a better educated workforce and promoting new construction, the federal government helped the economy as well. | 4 | |
| 1151406035 | Sunbelt | A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest that has seen substantial population growth in recent decades, partly fueled by a surge in retiring baby boomers who migrate domestically, as well as the influx of immigrants, both legal and illegal. | 5 | |
| 1151406036 | Dr. Benjamin Spock | Pediatrician who wrote the "Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" that encouraged parents not to spank or scold their children, to have children express themselves, and to have mothers stay at home. | 6 | |
| 1151406037 | Rustbelt | It referred to a group of Midwestern states that were losing population because of their floundering economy caused by stiff competition. | 7 | |
| 1151406038 | Levittown | In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. This became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII. | 8 | |
| 1151406039 | Baby Boom | A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility. | 9 | |
| 1151406040 | Missouri Gang | Truman's cabinet composed of his friends from when he was senator in Missouri. | 10 | |
| 1151406041 | Yalta Conference (1945) | Conference of Russia, Great Britain and US in Feb.1945 with leaders FDR, Stalin and Churchill in Crimea. The result was statement of Soviet intent on entering the Pacific War two to three months after the end of the European war, Churchill and FDR promise for Soviet concessions in Manchurian and return of lost territories. Stalin recognized Chiang as China's ruler, agreed to drop demands for reparations from Germany, approved plans for a UN Conference and promised free elections in Poland. | 11 | |
| 1151406042 | Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition. | 12 | |
| 1151406043 | Cold War (1945-1991) | The period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991. | 13 | |
| 1151406044 | Bretton Woods Conference (1944) | The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe. | 14 | |
| 1151406045 | International Monetary Fund | An international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation. | 15 | |
| 1151406046 | United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. | 16 | |
| 1151406047 | Nuremberg War Crimes Trial (1945-1946) | Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the Allies denazification program in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences. | 17 | |
| 1151406048 | Berlin Airlift (1948-1949) | Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked off all ground routes into the city. | 18 | |
| 1151406049 | Containment Doctrine | A foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary. | 19 | |
| 1151406050 | Truman Doctrine | President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey. | 20 | |
| 1151406051 | Marshall Plan | A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. | 21 | |
| 1151406052 | George C. Marshall | Army general during World War II who orchestrated the Allied victories over Germany and Japan, and later Secretary of State who developed the Marshall Plan in 1947, a program of massive aid for the reconstruction of Europe. | 22 | |
| 1151406053 | National Security Act (1947) | Passed in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. | 23 | |
| 1151406054 | National Security Council | An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant. | 24 | |
| 1151406055 | Central Intelligence Agency | An agency created after WWII to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad and to collect, analyze, and evaluate intelligence. | 25 | |
| 1151406056 | Selective Service System | The system used in the United States to draft young people into armed service. Though the United States at present has no draft, young men are required by law to register with this system when they reach the age of eighteen. | 26 | |
| 1151406057 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered it with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence. | 27 | |
| 1151406058 | General Douglas MacArthur | Commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War, however President Harry Truman removed him from his command after MacArthur expressed a desire to bomb Chinese bases in Manchuria. | 28 | |
| 1151406059 | House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) | A committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, investigated allegations of communist activity in the U.S. during the early years of the Cold War (1945-91). Established in 1938, the committee wielded its subpoena power as a weapon and called citizens to testify in high-profile hearings before Congress. This intimidating atmosphere often produced dramatic but questionable revelations about Communists infiltrating American institutions and subversive actions by well-known citizens. HUAC's controversial tactics contributed to the fear, distrust and repression that existed during the anticommunist hysteria of the 1950s. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, HUAC's influence was in decline, and in 1969 it was renamed the Committee on Internal Security. Although it ceased issuing subpoenas that year, its operations continued until 1975. | 29 | |
| 1151406060 | Alger Hiss | A U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 by Whittaker Chambers and prosecuted by Richard Nixon; convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950 | 30 | |
| 1151406061 | Smith Act (1940) | Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. | 31 | |
| 1151406062 | McCarran Internal Security Bill | Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. It was a response to the onset of the Korean War. | 32 | |
| 1151406063 | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951) | Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. | 33 | |
| 1151406064 | Dixiecrats | Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a candidate. | 34 | |
| 1151406065 | States' Rights Party | Split from the Democrats, because they wanted to keep Jim Crow laws and segregation. Social conservatives. | 35 | |
| 1151406066 | Harry A. Wallace | The 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941-1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933-1940), and the Secretary of Commerce (1945-1946). In the 1948 presidential election, he was the nominee of the Progressive Party. | 36 | |
| 1151406067 | Thomas E. Dewey | The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Dewey, arrogant and wooden, seemed certain to win the election, and the newspapers even printed, "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN" on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey's embarrassment. | 37 | |
| 1151406068 | Fair Deal | An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress. | 38 | |
| 1151406069 | National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68) | An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant. | 39 | |
| 1151406070 | Korean War (1950-1953) | South Korea, supported by the UN (esp. the US), fought North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union. After WWII, the division between North and South was placed at the 38th parallel. The war started when the communist North invaded the South. It ended in a stalemate, with the creation of the Demilitarized Zone, a 2.5 mile buffer, along the same 38th parallel. Skirmishes along the DMZ continue. | 40 | |
| 1151406071 | Jiang Jieshi | (1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek. | 41 | |
| 1151406072 | Reinhold Niebuhr | Influential liberal protestant clergyman who crusaded against what he perceived as the drift away from Christian foundations for over five decades after WWI.He was vehemently against fascism, communism, and pacifism, and divided the world into "children of light" and "children of darkness." | 42 | |
| 1151406073 | Iran Crisis (1946) | When the March 2, 1946 deadline for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Iran passed and the Soviets were still in place, a crisis began to develop. | 43 | |
| 1151406074 | Tokyo War Crimes Trials (1946-1948) | In Tokyo, Japan, the International Military Tribunals for the Far East begins hearing the case against 28 Japanese military and government officials accused of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II. On November 4, 1948, the trial ended with 25 of 28 Japanese defendants being found guilty. Of the three other defendants, two had died during the lengthy trial, and one was declared insane. On November 12, the war crimes tribunal passed death sentences on seven of the men, including General Hideki Tojo, who served as Japanese premier during the war, and other principals, such as Iwane Matsui, who organized the Rape of Nanking, and Heitaro Kimura, who brutalized Allied prisoners of war. Sixteen others were sentenced to life imprisonment, and two were sentenced to lesser terms in prison. On December 23, 1948, Tojo and the six others were executed in Tokyo. | 44 | |
| 1151406075 | Truman Doctrine (1947) | The announced policy of President Truman to provide aid to free nations who faced internal or external threats of a Communist takeover; announced in conjunction with a $400 million economic aid package to Greece and Turkey, it was successful in helping those countries put down Communist guerrilla movements and is considered to be the first U.S. action of the Cold War. | 45 | |
| 1151406076 | Voice of America | This was a US radio program that was transmitted to the iron curtain countries. It sent American and Western propaganda into the communist countries of Europe using radio. | 46 | |
| 1151406077 | Berlin blockade (1948-1949) | Blockade initiated by USSR, restricted rail and car access to Berlin to try and starve out Allies within border. | 47 | |
| 1151406078 | Joseph McCarthy | 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists | 48 | |
| 1151406079 | Red Hunt | Wrongful persecutions of Americans for being Communists or Soviet spies due to McCarthyism. | 49 | |
| 1151406080 | Hydrogen bomb (1952) | A thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the Atomic bomb. | 50 | |
| 1151406081 | Election of 1948 | Election in which Truman miraculously defeated Republican Thomas E. Dewey despite the defection of northern Progressives to Henry Wallace and southern Dixiecrats to Strom Thurmond. | 51 |
