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| 437637819 | John Calvin | This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell. | |
| 437637820 | Anne Hutchinson | She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. | |
| 437637821 | Roger Williams | He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. | |
| 437637822 | Henry Hudson | Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. | |
| 437637823 | William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | |
| 437637824 | Peter Stuyvesant | Governor of New Netherland who swore to defend the city. He made himself so unpopular with his harsh rule and heavy taxes that the colonists refused to help him. In the end, he surrendered without firing a shot. | |
| 437637825 | William Laud | Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England; he tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer; he was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War | |
| 437637826 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. | |
| 437637827 | William Penn | A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. | |
| 437637828 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. | |
| 437637829 | King Philip | English name for Metacom who forged an alliance among Indians to try to end the spread of English settlement. | |
| 437637830 | John Cotton | A puritan who was a fiery early clergy educated at Cambridge University, emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution by the church of England. He defended the government's duty to enforce religious rules. He preached and prayed up to six hours in a single day. | |
| 437637831 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England. | |
| 437637832 | Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles | |
| 437637833 | William and Mary | King and Queen of England from 1689 to 1702. They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs. | |
| 437637834 | Massasoit | Leader of the Wampanoag who signed a peace treaty with the Pilgrims at Plymouth | |
| 437637835 | Fernando Gorges | Attempted to colonize near some of the lakes and forests near the coast of Maine. | |
| 437637836 | Myles Standish | Separatist captain who came on the Mayflower and later contributed as an Indian fighter and negotiator. | |
| 437637837 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | |
| 437637838 | Michael Wigglesworth | New England clergyman who wrote the popular poem "Day of Doom", which told the horrifying fate of the damned | |
| 437637839 | Squanto | Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. | |
| 437637840 | the "elect" | A doctrine made famous by John Calvin that posits the notion that only a small minority of the human race is predestined for salvation. | |
| 437637841 | predestination | the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved | |
| 437637842 | freemen | Farmers that had served their period of indentured servitude and were no longer under contract | |
| 437637843 | visible saints | In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives. | |
| 437637844 | conversion | A radical reorientation of one's whole life away from sin and evil and toward God. | |
| 437637845 | doctrine of a calling | The Puritan's belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to do worldly work. Their spiritual intensity caused them to do God's work on earth. | |
| 437637846 | covenant | A solemn agreement between people or between God and man involving mutual commitments and guarantees. | |
| 437637847 | antinomianism | An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson. | |
| 437637848 | sumptuary laws | Laws that regulated the value and style of clothing that various social groups could wear, and the amount they could spend on family celebrations | |
| 437637849 | salutary neglect | Great Britain's decision to not interfere in her colony's affairs and allow them to set up their own colonial governments | |
| 438053888 | city upon a hill | name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations | |
| 438053889 | protestant reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | |
| 438053890 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. | |
| 438053891 | New England Confederation | New England colonists formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization. | |
| 438053892 | Calvinism | Early Christian belief that God predetermines a person's destination in their life and afterlife (heaven and hell). | |
| 438053893 | Massachusetts Bay Company | Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans. Led by John Winthrop who taught that the new colony should be a model Christian society. Included a governor and a representative assembly | |
| 438053894 | Dominion of New England | The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros | |
| 438136908 | Institutes of the Christian Religion | Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation. | |
| 438136909 | Navigation Laws | In the 1660's England restricted the colonies; They couldn't trade with other countries. The colonies were only allowed to trade with England. | |
| 438136910 | Great Migration | Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Ended in 1642 when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies with the start of the English Civil War. | |
| 438136911 | Glorious Revolution | English revolution of 1688 to 1689 when King James II was removed from the throne and his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William began to rule. Reaction to this in the American colonies was varied: There was a revolt against appointed Catholic officials in New York and Maryland, and in Massachusetts the governor was sent back to England with the colonial demand that the Dominion of New England be disbanded. | |
| 438136912 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | |
| 438136913 | General Court | a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's | |
| 438136914 | Dutch West India Company | company in Caribbean that raided and traded; also in Africa and in sugar industry in Brazil; established colony in New Netherland (Hudson River) for fur; also bought Manhattan from Indians | |
| 438136915 | Separatists | sub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England | |
| 438136916 | Bible Commonwealth | name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints. | |
| 438136917 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania | |
| 438136918 | Mayflower | the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620 | |
| 438136919 | Protestant ethic | the idea that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. | |
| 438136920 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. | |
| 438136921 | Fundamental Orders | The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens. | |
| 438136922 | French Huguenots | French protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France | |
| 438136923 | Scottish Presbyterians | One group of American settlers who were Calvinists from Scotland. | |
| 438136924 | Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife | |
| 438136925 | Dutchification | the idea that the children of the Pilgrims were become too familiar with Dutch practices | |
| 438136926 | Plymouth Bay | Chosen as the settlement site by the Pilgrims; located in present-day MA | |
| 438136927 | Congregational Church | A Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing. | |
| 438136928 | Pequot War | Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut | |
| 438136929 | Dutch "golden age" | A period of Dutch History (1600s ) in which The Dutch Republic dominated world trade and used that wealth to become the world's center for arts and sciences. | |
| 438136930 | New Netherland | Dutch colony conquered by the English to become four new colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. | |
| 438136931 | New Amsterdam | a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became the city now known as New York City. | |
| 438136932 | New Sweden | Swedish fur-trading community established with the assistance of the Dutch on the Delaware River in 1638 and absorbed by New Netherland in 1655 | |
| 438136933 | Penn's Woodland | the name of William Penn's asylum colony for Quakers and other persecuted groups |
