Terms : Hide Images
| 630309362 | Sensations | Messages from the senses that make up the raw information that affects many kinds of behavior and mental processes | |
| 630309363 | Perceptions | Awareness of objects through any of the 5 senses | |
| 630309364 | Exteroreceptors | Sensitive to stimuli arising outside body (touch, pressure, pain receptors.) | |
| 630309365 | Interoreceptors | Sense internal environment; monitor inside world; such as glucose and oxygen levels in the blood. | |
| 630309366 | Sensory Transduction | The process of converting a specific form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses. | |
| 630309367 | Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. | |
| 630309368 | Mechanoreceptors | A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical disturbances, such as shape changes (being squashed, bent, pulled, etc.). Mechanoreceptors include touch receptors in the skin, hair cells, in the ear, muscle spindles, and others. | |
| 630309369 | Muscle Spindle | Lie parallel to the muscle fibers; detect changes in muscle length and speed | |
| 630309370 | Hair Cell | A type of mechanoreceptor that detects sound waves and other forms of movement in air or water. | |
| 630309371 | Pain Receptors | Respond to tissue damage; triggered by mechanical, electrical, thermal or chemical energy. | |
| 630309372 | Nocireceptors | These are receptors which register pain (such as through extreme temperature, skin deformation or incision, chemicals). These have fast and slow channels which detect immediate and chronic pain respectively. | |
| 630309373 | Thermoreceptors | Sensory receptors which respond to heat or cold. | |
| 630309374 | Chemoreceptors | Monitor concentration of chemicals in the blood | |
| 630309375 | Gustatory Receptors | Are clustered in taste buds, each of which contains gustatory cells, which extend taste hairs through a narrow taste pore. | |
| 630309376 | Olfactory Receptors | Chemical receptors responsible for the sense of smell; located in the epithelial tissue in the upper part of the nasal cavity. | |
| 630309377 | Electromagnetic Receptors | - Detect various forms of electromagnetic energy (such as visible light, electricity, and magnetism) | |
| 630309378 | Photoreceptors | The light-sensitive cells in the retina- the rods and cones. | |
| 630309379 | Compound Eyes | eyes that contain many lenses and are especially keen at sensing movement. | |
| 630309380 | Ommatidia | One of the small optical units of the compound eye of arthropods. | |
| 630309381 | Single-Lens Eyes | A type of eye, found in some jellies, spiders, and molluscs, that works on a camera-like principle with a pupil | |
| 630309382 | Sclera | Tough, fibrous, white outer coat extending from the cornea to the optic nerve. | |
| 630309383 | Choroid | Vascular layer beneath the sclera that provides nourishment to the outer portion of the retina. | |
| 630309384 | Conjunctiva | Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball. | |
| 630309385 | Iris | Diaphragm consisting of thin overlapping plates that can be adjusted to change the diameter of a central opening. | |
| 630309386 | Pupil | The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. | |
| 630309387 | Retina | The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. | |
| 630309388 | Ciliary Body | Ring of tissue behind the peripheral iris that is composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes | |
| 630309389 | Aqueous Humor | Watery liquid secreted at the ciliary body that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and provides nourishment for the cornea, iris, and lens (humor = fluid). | |
| 630309390 | Vitreous Humor | A thick, gelatinous fluid found in the posterior segment of the eye (between the lens and the retina). The vireous humor is only produced during fetal development and helps maintain intraocular pressure (the pressure inside the eyeball). | |
| 630309391 | Accommodation | In the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality. | |
| 630309392 | Rod Cells | cylinder shaped cells, located in the retina, that absorb light; they allow us to see images in shades of light and dark when the light is dim. | |
| 630309393 | Cone Cells | cells in the retina that are sensitive to bright light and translate it into color images. | |
| 630309394 | Fovea | The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. | |
| 630309395 | Retinal | Either of two yellow to red retinal pigments formed from Rhodopsin by the action of light. | |
| 630309396 | Opsin | The protein part of the visual pigment molecule, to which the light-sensitive retinal molecule is attached. | |
| 630309397 | Rhodopsin | A visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin. When rhodopsin absorbs light, the retinal changes shape and dissociates from the opsin, after which it is converted back to its original form. | |
| 630309398 | Photopsin | Are the photoreceptor proteins found in the cone cells of the retina that are the basis of color vision. 3 types (RED, BLUE, GREEN). An absence of one diminishes the relative capacity of the brain's reception on differentual hues.Color blindness is due to the lack of these cone types. | |
| 630309399 | Bipolar Cells | Second layer of neurons in the retina that transmit impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells. | |
| 630309400 | Lateral Inhibition | A process in which lateral connections allow one photoreceptor to inhibit the responsiveness of its neighbor, thus enhancing the sensation of visual contrast | |
| 630309401 | Amacrine Cells | Specialized retinal cells that contact both the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells, and are especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina. | |
| 630309402 | Optic Chaism | An x-shaped site on the brain where info from each eye is shared so that signals from both eyes are sent to each hemisphere. | |
| 630309403 | Lateral Geniculate Nuclei | The destination in the thalamus for most of the ganglion cell axons that form the optic nerves. | |
| 630309404 | Primary Visual Cortex | The region of the cerebral cortex that receives information directly from the visual system; located in the occipital lobe | |
| 630309405 | Eustachian Tube | A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum | |
| 630309406 | Organ of Corti | Organ located in the cochlea; contains receptors (hair cells) that receive vibrations and generate nerve impulses for hearing. | |
| 630309407 | Utricle | larger of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear | |
| 630309408 | Saccule | The smaller of two sacs within the membranous labyrinth of the vestibule in the inner ear. | |
| 630309409 | Round Window | The membrane that relieves pressure from the vibrating waves in the cochlear fluid. | |
| 630309410 | Tectorial Membrane | A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move. | |
| 630309411 | Otoliths | Small crystals that rest on hair cells in the vestibular sacs; along with the semicircular canals, when these hair cells move in the fluid that fills these small organs, it sends information to your brain about head position. | |
| 630309412 | Lateral Line System | A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units (neuromasts) along the sides of the body of fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by an animal itself and by other moving objects | |
| 630309413 | Statocytes | Cells with Amyloplasts in them which help with perception of gravity | |
| 630309414 | Statoliths | Sensory organs that contain mechanoreceptors and function in the sense of equilibrium. | |
| 630309415 | Hydrostatic Skeleton | Layers of circular and longitudinal muscles, together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, that enable movement. | |
| 630309416 | Peristalsis | Wavelike contraction of the walls of the intestines, which propels contents onward. | |
| 630309417 | Exoskeleton | Tthe exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs. | |
| 630309418 | Endoskeleton | Internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal. | |
| 630309419 | Myofibrils | Micorsopic, fiber-like structures that occupy most cytoplasm in skeletal muscle cells | |
| 630309420 | Myofilaments | The contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells | |
| 630309421 | Sarcomere | The smallest functional unit of muscle tissue. | |
| 630309422 | Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. | |
| 630309423 | Myosin | A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber. | |
| 630309424 | I Band | The region of the sarcomere made up only of thin filaments. The I band is bisected by a Z line. I bands alternate with A bands to give skeletal and cardiac muscle a striated appearance. I bands get shorter (and may disappear completely) during muscle contraction. | |
| 630309425 | A Band | The band of the sarcomere that extends the full length of the thick filament. The A band includes regions of thick and thin filament overlap, as well as a region of thick filament only. A bands alternate with I bands to give skeletal and cardiac muscle a striated apperance. The A band does not shorten during muscle contraction. | |
| 630309426 | Z lines | The thin dark line in the middle of each myofilament I-Band. | |
| 630309427 | H Zone | The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only. The H zone gets shorter (and may disappear) during muscle contraction. | |
| 630309428 | Phosphagens | Alternate method of anaerobic metabolism, compounds in cells that take in inorganic molecules to rapidly generate ATP, in surplus ATP transfers phosphate to creatine to create creatine phosphate, when in deficit they release phosphate to ADP. | |
| 630309429 | Tropomyosin | A helical protein that winds around actin helices in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells to form the thin filament of the sarcomere. In the absence of Ca2+, tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin and prevents muscle contraction. When calcium is present, a conformation change in tropomyosin occurs so that the myosin-binding sites are exposed and muscle contraction can occur. | |
| 630309430 | Troponin Complex | The regulatory proteins that control the position of tropomyosin on the thin filament. | |
| 630309431 | Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | The smooth ER of a muscle cell, enlarged and specialized to act as a Ca2+ reservoir. The SR winds around each myofibril in the muscle cell. | |
| 630309432 | Motor Unit | A single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. | |
| 630309433 | Myoglobin | An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. | |
| 630309434 | Paramyosin | A protein found in clams which enables its muscles to remain contracted for as long as a month with only a low rate of energy consumption. |
