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| 177713927 | Cyrus | Kurush; son of Persian chieftain & Median princess; united Persian tribes & overthrew Median monarch around 550 B.C.E. | 0 | |
| 177713928 | Darius I | seized throne when Cambyses died in 522 B.C.E. | 1 | |
| 177807805 | satrap | governor likely to be connected to royal family; collected & sent tribute to king | 2 | |
| 177807806 | Persepolis | (Treasury & Fortification Texts) inscribed in Elamite cuneiform on baked clay tablets; show gov officials distribute food to many workers of different nationalities; women received less than men of equivalent status (pregnant women & women w/ babies got more) | 3 | |
| 177807807 | Zoroastrianism | god is Ahuramazda; Darius & successors Zoroastrians | 4 | |
| 177807808 | Greek polis | translated "city state"; urban center & rural territory that it controlled | 5 | |
| 177807809 | hoplites | heavily armed infantrymen who fought in close formation; helmet, breast plate, leg guards; held round shield over left side & right side of man next to him & brandished thrusting spear; kept sword in reserve; maintain cohesion of own formation while breaking open enemy line | 6 | |
| 177807810 | tyrant | person who seized & held power in violation of normal political institutions & traditions of community | 7 | |
| 177807811 | democracy | exercise of political power by all free adult males | 8 | |
| 177807812 | Pericles | in 460s & 450s B.C.E. transferred all power to popular organs of Athenian gov: the Assembly, Council of 500, and People's Courts; focal point of Athenian political life became Assembly of all citizens - proposals debated, decisions openly made, any citizen could speak issues | 9 | |
| 177807813 | Socrates | 470 - 399 B.C.E.; philosopher brought to trial in 399 B.C.E.; sculptor by trade; "knew one more thing than everyone else: knew nothing"; disposed of charges of corrupting young Athens & not believing gods of city; said: (1) being held responsible for actions of several of aristocratic students who had tried to overthrow Athenian democracy (2) being blamed unfairly for controversial teachings of Sophists; vote of hundreds of citizens found guilty; said should be rewarded for services to state; condemned to death by drinking hemlock; followers thought he was put to death on behalf of beliefs | 10 | |
| 177807814 | Peloponnesian War | started in 431 B.C.E.; struggle for survival between Athenian & Spartan alliance systems; Athenians used naval power to insulate selves from dangers of attack by land - built 3 long walls connecting city w/ port of Piraeus & adjacent shoreline; Pericles refused to engage in Spartan-led armies that invaded Attica annually; dragged on for 3 decades; ended w/ defeat of Athens on naval battle in 404 B.C.E. | 11 | |
| 177807815 | Alexander | 356 - 323 B.C.E.; son & heir of Philip; crossed into Asia in 334 B.C.E., wanted to exact revenge for Xerxes' invasion; defeated Persian forces of King Darius III (336 - 330 B.C.E.) in 3 battles in Anatolia & Mesopotamia & campaigned to Punjab Pakistan; maintained Persian administration in conquered lands; replaced Persian officials w/ Macedonian & Greek comrades; est. Greek-style cities (Alexandria in Egypt) & settled wounded & aged former soldiers; victorious at Guagamela in northern Mesopotamia (331 B.C.E.) - after started to leave Persian officials in place; admitted Persians & Iranians into army & into circle of courtiers; adopted elements of Persian dress & court ceremony; married Iranian women who had useful royal or aristocratic connections & pressed subordinates to do same | 12 | |
| 177807816 | Hellinistic Age | epoch spurred by conquest of Alexander; 323 - 30 B.C.E.; lands in northeastern Africa & western Asia that came under Greek rule tended to be "Hellenized" (powerfully influenced by Greek culture); large kingdoms w/ heterogeneous pops, great cities, powerful rulers, pervasive bureaucracies, vast disparities in wealth; long-distance trade & communications; libraries, universities, new kinds of scholarship & science, sophisticated tastes in art & lit | 13 | |
| 177807817 | Ptolomies | dynasty that ruled Egypt & sometimes laid claim to adjacent Syria-Palestine; able to take over administrative structure of pharaohs & extract surplus wealth | 14 | |
| 177807818 | Alexandria | ruled by Ptolemies; 1st of new cities laid out by Alexander; near where westernmost branch of Nile runs into Mediterranean Sea - link between Egypt & Mediterranean | 15 |
