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| 19623198 | Cyrus | Founder of Achaemenid Persian Empire. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. | 0 | |
| 19623199 | Darius I | Third ruler of the Persian Empire. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece). | 1 | |
| 19623200 | satrap | Governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often the relative of the king. Responsible for the protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. | 2 | |
| 19623201 | Persepolis | Complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. | 3 | |
| 19623202 | Zoroastrianism | Religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. Centered on a single benevolent diety - Ahuramazda - who engaged in a twelve-thousand-year struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. | 4 | |
| 19623203 | polis | Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control. | 5 | |
| 19623204 | hoplite | heavily armored infantrymen who fought in a close formation. | 6 | |
| 19623205 | tyrant | Term the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community. | 7 | |
| 19623206 | democracy | System of government in which all citizens have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections. | 8 | |
| 19623207 | sacrifice | Gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer. | 9 | |
| 19623208 | Herodotus | Heir to the technique of historia - "investigation" - developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. | 10 | |
| 19623209 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. | 11 | |
| 19623210 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. This first major setback for Persian arms launched the Greeks into their period of greatest cultural productivity. | 12 | |
| 19623211 | trireme | Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. | 13 | |
| 19623212 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. | 14 | |
| 19623213 | Peloponnesian War | Protracted and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. | 15 | |
| 19623214 | Alexander | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. AKA Alexander the Great. | 16 | |
| 19623215 | Hellenistic Age | Term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. | 17 | |
| 19623216 | Ptolemies | Macedonian dynasty, decended from one of Alexander the Great's officers, that ruled Egypt for three centuries. | 18 | |
| 19623217 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. Became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. | 19 |
