Peter Minchin, Fall 2011 SIUe
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| 255845082 | What is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments? | Ecology | 0 | |
| 255845083 | What is the goal of ecology? | To explain the distribution and abundance of organisms. | 1 | |
| 255845084 | What are the different levels that ecologists study systems at? | - Organisms. - Populations. - Communities. - Ecosystems. | 2 | |
| 255845085 | What do organismal ecologists study? | The morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that allow individual organisms to live successfully in a particular area. | 3 | |
| 255845086 | What is a population? | A group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time. | 4 | |
| 255845087 | What do population ecologists study? | How the numbers of individuals in a population change over time and the factors that determine this. | 5 | |
| 255845088 | What is a community? | Something that consists of all the different species that interact with one another within a particular area. | 6 | |
| 255845089 | What do community ecologists study? | The nature and consequences of the interactions between species. ** Also might concentrate on predation, parasitism, mutualism or competition, or explore how groups of species respond to fires, floods, droughts and other disturbances. | 7 | |
| 255845090 | What is an ecosystem? | Something which consists of all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components. | 8 | |
| 255845091 | Biotic Components | Living organisms | 9 | |
| 255845092 | Abiotic Components | Nonliving organisms | 10 | |
| 255845093 | What do ecosystem ecologists study? | How nutrients and energy move among and between organisms and the surrounding physical environment. | 11 | |
| 255845094 | What is conservation biology? | The effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened populations, communities, and ecosystems. | 12 | |
| 255845095 | What three key physical factors affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in aquatic environments? | - Nutrient Availability - Water Depth - Water Movement | 13 | |
| 255845096 | Nutrients tend to be washed away in moving water, and fall to the bottom in still water, and thus are in _____ _______ in many aquatic ecosystems. | Short supply | 14 | |
| 255845097 | Why are nutrient levels important in aquatic environments? | They limit growth rates of the photosynthetic organisms that provide food for other species. | 15 | |
| 255845098 | What two things affect nutrient availability by bringing nutrients from the bottom up to the surface? | Ocean upwelling and Lake turnover | 16 | |
| 255845099 | Ocean Upwelling | The surface water moves away from the coast,and it is steadily replaced by water moving up from the ocean bottom, which is nutrient rich. | 17 | |
| 255845100 | Thermocline | A gradient in which the temperature of lakes vary from top to bottom. | 18 | |
| 255845101 | In winter, surface water is ______ while the water at the bottom is ______. | Colder; Warmer | 19 | |
| 255845102 | In the summer, surface water is ______ while the water at the bottom is _______. | Warmer; Colder | 20 | |
| 255845103 | The surface water in winter and summer is _______ rich, while the water at the bottom is ________ rich. | Oxygen; Nutrient | 21 | |
| 255845104 | Without the spring and fall turnovers, most nutrients would remain on the bottom and lake ecosystems would be much _____ productive. | Less | 22 | |
| 255845105 | What is one key physical factor that shapes the environments in aquatic ecosystems? | The rate of water movement. | 23 | |
| 255845106 | Water ______ and _______ light, so the amount and types of wavelengths available to organisms change dramatically as water depth increases. | Absorbs; Scatters | 24 | |
| 255845107 | What is productivity in aquatic environments? | The total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per year. | 25 | |
| 255845108 | _______ are large enough that the water in them can be mixed by wind and wave action. | Lakes | 26 | |
| 255845109 | What are the 5 zones in freshwater environments? | Littoral, Limnetic, Benthic, Photic, Aphotic | 27 | |
| 255845110 | The ________ ("seashore") zone consists of the shallow waters along the shore, where plants are rooted. | Littoral | 28 | |
| 255845111 | The ________ ("lake") zone is offshore and comprises water that receives enough light to support photosynthesis. | Limnetic | 29 | |
| 255845112 | The ________ ("depths") zone is made up of the bottom, or substrate. | Benthic | 30 | |
| 255845113 | Regions of the littoral, limnetic, and benthic zones that receive sunlight are part of the _______ zone. | Photic | 31 | |
| 255845114 | Portions of the lake or pond that do not receive sunlight make up the _______ zone. | Aphotic | 32 | |
| 255845115 | Water movement in lakes and ponds is driven by ______ and changes in temperature. | Wind | 33 | |
| 255845116 | Plankton | Cyanobacteria, algae, and other microscopic organisms | 34 | |
| 255845117 | Where do plankton live? | The photic zone | 35 | |
| 255845118 | What is detritus? | Dead Organic Matter | 36 | |
| 255845119 | Where do organisms that consume detritus live? | Benthic Zone | 37 | |
| 255845120 | What are shallow-water habitats where the soil is saturated for at least part of the year? | Wetlands | 38 | |
| 255845121 | What are plants that only grow in saturated soil? | Indicator Plants | 39 | |
| 255845122 | How are wetlands distinct from lakes and ponds? | They have only shallow water, and they have emergent plants that grow above the surface of the water. | 40 | |
| 255845123 | What have low or nonexistent water flow, and are stagnant, acidic, and have low productivity? | Bogs | 41 | |
| 255845124 | Freshwater _______ and ________ have a slow but steady flow of water and are relatively nutrient rich and highly productive. | Marshes; Swamps | 42 | |
| 255845125 | _________ dominated by nonwoody plants. | Marshes | 43 | |
| 255845126 | _________ are dominated by trees and shrubs. | Swamps | 44 | |
| 255845127 | What moves constantly in one direction? | Streams (Creeks - Small ; Rivers - Large ) | 45 | |
| 255845128 | What is the structure of a typical stream? | Where it originates, it tends to be cold, narrow, and fast; at the end, it tends to be warmer, wider, and slower. | 46 | |
| 255845129 | Streams thus tend to have ______ organism types near their source (mostly animals) and ______ varied types near their end (algae, plants, and animals). | Fewer ; More | 47 | |
| 255845130 | What is an estuary? | It forms where a river meets the ocean and freshwater mixes with salt water. | 48 | |
| 255845131 | Most estuaries are relatively ________, but water depth may vary dramatically. | Shallow | 49 | |
| 255845132 | An estuary includes ______ marshes as well as the body of water that moves in and out of these environments. | Saline | 50 | |
| 255845133 | True or False: Salinty Varies | True; it varies with the changes in tides | 51 | |
| 255845134 | What are the six zones of water depth in the ocean? | Intertidal, Neritic, Oceanic, Benthic, Photic, and Aphotic | 52 | |
| 255845135 | The _________ zone consists of a shoreline that is exposed to the air at low tide but submerged at high tide. | Intertidal | 53 | |
| 255845136 | The _______ zone extends from the intertidal zone to depths of about 200 m. | Neritic | 54 | |
| 255845137 | What is the outermost edge of the neritic zone? | Continental Shelf | 55 | |
| 255845138 | The _______ zone is the "open ocean"—the deepwater region beyond the continental shelf. | Oceanic | 56 | |
| 255845139 | The bottom of the ocean is the ______ zone. | Benthic (Ocean) | 57 | |
| 255845140 | The intertidal and sunlit regions of the neritic, oceanic, and benthic zones make up a _______ zone. | Photic (Ocean) | 58 | |
| 255845141 | Water _________ in the ocean is dominated by different processes at different depths. | Movement | 59 | |
| 255845142 | What zones in the ocean are the most productive? | Intertidal and Neritic | 60 | |
| 255845143 | What zone has coral reefs which are among the most productive environments on Earth? | Neritic | 61 | |
| 255845144 | What are biomes? | Major types of terrestrial ecosystems, defined mainly by the dominant vegetation type. | 62 | |
| 255845145 | Each biome is associated with a distinctive set of _______ conditions. | Abiotic | 63 | |
| 255845146 | Climate | Prevailing, long-term weather conditions | 64 | |
| 255845147 | What determines the type of biome present in a terrestrial region? | Climate | 65 | |
| 255845148 | What factors does climate include? | temperature, moisture, sunlight, and wind | 66 | |
| 255845149 | Net Primary Productivity (NPP) | The total mass of carbon that is fixed by per unit area per year minus the amount used by plants in cellular respiration. | 67 | |
| 255845150 | What does the NPP represent? | The organic matter that is available as food for other organisms. | 68 | |
| 255845151 | On land, photosynthesis and plant growth are _________ when temperatures are warm and conditions are wet. | Maximized | 69 | |
| 255845152 | Photosynthesis cannot occur efficiently at _____ temperatures or under drought stress. | Low | 70 | |
| 255845153 | What is biomass? | The total dry mass of living plants per unit area in an ecosystem. | 71 | |
| 255845154 | _________ biomass includes shoots only. | Aboveground | 72 | |
| 255845155 | _________ biomass includes roots and rhizomes. | Belowground | 73 | |
| 255845156 | _____ ________ are found in equatorial regions where temperatures and rainfall are high and annual temperature variation is very low. | Rain Forests or Tropical Wet Forests | 74 | |
| 255845157 | Tropical wet forests are renowned for their species _______. | Diversity | 75 | |
| 255845158 | What is the uppermost layer of branches in a tree? | Canopy | 76 | |
| 255845159 | What are plants that grow entirely on other plants? | Epiphytes | 77 | |
| 255845160 | Subtropical _______ are characterized by high average annual temperatures, moderate variation in temperature, and very low precipitation. | Deserts | 78 | |
| 255845161 | Because the ______ of water means conditions are rarely favorable enough to support photosynthesis, the productivity of desert communities is very low. | Scarcity | 79 | |
| 255845162 | How do desert species adapt to the extreme temperatures and aridity? | - growing at a low rate year-round. - or by breaking dormancy and growing rapidly in response to any major rainfall event. | 80 | |
| 255845163 | _________ regions have moderate temperatures relative to the tropics and polar regions. Summers are typically long and warm; winters are short and cold. | Temperate | 81 | |
| 255845164 | Temperate grasslands occur in temperate regions with relatively _____ precipitation and a well-defined growing season. | Low | 82 | |
| 255845165 | What seasons is plant growth possible in temperate grasslands? | Spring, Summer, Fall | 83 | |
| 255845166 | North American temperate grasslands are known as ________. | Praries | 84 | |
| 255845167 | ________ are the dominant life-form in temperate grasslands because either conditions are too dry to enable tree growth or encroaching trees are burned out by fires. | Grasses | 85 | |
| 255845168 | Although the productivity of temperate grasslands is generally lower than that of forest communities, grassland soils are often highly _______. | Fertile | 86 | |
| 255845169 | In temperate areas with relatively high precipitation, grasslands give way to temperate _______. | Forests | 87 | |
| 255845170 | Temperate forests experience a winter in which mean monthly temperatures fall below ________ and plant growth stops. | Freezing | 88 | |
| 255845171 | Compared with temperate grassland climates, forest precipitation is moderately ______ and relatively constant throughout the year. | High | 89 | |
| 255845172 | In the _________ hemisphere, these forests are dominated by deciduous trees. | Northern | 90 | |
| 255845173 | Evergreen trees dominate in ________ hemisphere temperate forests. | Southern | 91 | |
| 255845174 | The _______ _______, or taiga, occurs on subarctic lands just south of the Arctic Circle. | Boreal Forest | 92 | |
| 255845175 | The climate of the boreal forest is characterized by very cold winters and short, ____ summers. Temperature variation is extreme. | Cool | 93 | |
| 255845176 | Annual precipitation in a boreal forest is low, but temperatures are so cold that _________ is minimal. As a result, moisture is usually abundant enough to support tree growth. | Evaporation | 94 | |
| 255845177 | Boreal forests are dominated by highly cold-tolerant ______. | Conifers | 95 | |
| 255845178 | The productivity of boreal forests is ______, but aboveground biomass is _____ because slow-growing tree species may be long-lived and gradually accumulate large biomass. | Low; High | 96 | |
| 255845179 | Boreal forests also have exceptionally _____ species diversity. | Low | 97 | |
| 255845180 | The arctic ________ is found throughout the arctic regions and in high mountains where land is not covered in ice. | Tundra | 98 | |
| 255845181 | The growing season of a tundra is __ - __ weeks at most; temperatures are below freezing the rest of the year. | 6 - 8 | 99 | |
| 255845182 | What is permafrost? | Tundra soils which are in a perennially frozen state | 100 | |
| 255845183 | Tundra has very low temperatures with high annual temperature ________ and very low annual precipitation. | Variation | 101 | |
| 255845184 | The ______ ______ is dominated by small woody shrubs, lichens, and herbaceous plants. | Artic Tundra | 102 | |
| 255845185 | Animal diversity in the tundra also tends to be low but _________ numbers can be high in the short summer. | Insect | 103 |
