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Ch 52-53 Population and Community Ecology Flashcards

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338209099populationgroup of individuals from the same species that live in the same area at the same time0
338209100population ecologystudy of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time1
338209101mathematical and analytical tools in pop ecologyhelp predict changes in pop size and design management strategies to save threatened species2
338209102demographystudy of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time3
338209103populations grow due tobirth and immigration4
338209104populations decline due todeaths and emigration5
338209105to make predictions about the future of a population, biologists must know:how many individuals of each age are alive, how likely individuals of diff ages are likely to survive, how many offspring are produced by females of diff ages, and how many individuals of diff ages immigrate and emigrate each generation6
338209106population size should increase over time whenpopulation consists primarily of young individuals with a high survival rate and reproductive rate7
338209107population size should decrease over time whenpopulation is mainly old individuals with low reproductive rates and low survival rates8
338209108life tablesummarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its lifetime9
338209109survivorshipthe proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age10
338209110survivorship curvea plot of the logarithm of the number of survivors versus age11
338209111type I curvesurvivorship throughout life is high, and most individuals approach maximum life span of species (humans)12
338209112type II curvemost individuals experience relatively constant survivorship over their lifetimes (Songbirds)13
338209113type III curvehigh death rates early in life, with high survivorship after maturity (many plants)14
338209114fecunditythe number of female offspring produced by each female in the population15
338209115age specific fecundityaverage number of female offspring produced by a female in a given age class16
338209116age classa group of individuals of a specific age17
338209117growth rate of a populationcalculated by data on survivorship and fecundity18
338209118fitness trade offsoccur because every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy at its disposal (resources are limited)19
338209119fecundity and survival in a female can be allocated...by maximizing one or the other, or striking a balance between the two20
338209120life historydescribes how an organism allocates its resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures related to survival (survivorship, age specific fecundity, age at first reproduction, growth rate,...)21
338209121high fecundityorganism will grow quickly, reach sexual maturity at young age, and produce many small eggs or seeds22
338209122high survivorshipgrow slowly, invest their energy and time in traits that reduce damage from enemies and increase their own ability to compete for resources23
338209123per capita rate of increase (r)difference between birthrate and death rate per individual (r = b-d)24
338209124intrinsic rate of increase (rmax)when birthrates per individual are as high as possible and death rates per individual are as low as possible (usually not likely)25
338209125exponential population growthoccurs when r does not change over time; does not depend on the number of individuals in the population (density independent); CANNOT CONTINUE INDEFINITELY26
338209126when does exponential growth occur?when few individuals found a new population in a new habitat....OR when a population has been devastated by a natural catastrophe and then begins to recover, starting with a few surviving individuals27
338209127population densitynumber of individuals per unit area; when it gets very high, populations per capita birthrate should decrease and the per capita death rate increase, meaning r will decline (density dependent)28
338209128carrying capacity (K)maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time; K can change depending on conditions29
338209129carrying capacity depends on conditionsfood, space, water, soil quality, resting/nesting sites; varies year to year depending on conditions30
338209130density independent factorsusually abiotic, and change birthrates and death rates irrespective of population size (ie, variation in weather)31
338209131density dependent factorsusually biotic, change in intensity as a function of population size (increased predation with increased deer pop size)32
338209132logistic population growth is caused bydensity dependent changes in survivorship and fecundity33
338209133K varies in spacesome habitats are better than other habitats due to differences in food availability, space, and other density-dependent factors34
338209134K varies with timeas conditions in some years are better than in others35
338209135age structureproportion of individuals that are at each possible age; has dramatic influence on pop growth over time36
338209136age pyramidsgraphs with horizontal bars representing the number of males and females in each age group; uniform in developed countries, bottom heavy in developing countries37
338209137overall population size in developing countries willincrease dramatically, partly because increased survivorship and because of amount of young women will lead to high overall number of births, event though avg fecundity is much less than it was a gen ago38
338466360population cyclesregular fluctuations in size39
338466361metapopulationsa population of populations40
338466362communityinteracting species living within a defined area; interact almost constantly, so population is linked to other species that share its habitat41
338466363competitionoccurs when individuals use the same resources, resulting in lower fitness for both (-/-)42
338466364consumptionoccurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another, increasing consumer's fitness but decreasing the victim's (+/-)43
338466365mutualismoccurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both (+/+)44
338466366commensalismoccurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected (+/0)45
338466367intraspecific competitionoccurs between members of the same species; major cause of density-dependent growth46
338466368interspecific competitionoccurs when members of different species use the same limiting resources; occurs when the niches of two species overlap47
338466369nichethe range of resources that the species is able to use or the range of conditions it can tolerate48
338466370asymmetric competitionoccurs when one species suffers a much greater fitness decline that the other49
338466371symmetric competitioneach species experiences a roughly equal decrease in fitness50
338466372fundamental nicheresources used by or conditions tolerated by a certain species in the absence of competitors51
338466373realized nicheresources it uses or conditions it tolerates when competition occurs52
338466374natural selection, with respect to niches,favors for both species to avoid competition53
338466375herbivoryconsumption of plant tissues by herbivores54
338466376parasitismconsumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism (host) by a parasite55
338466377predationkilling and consumption of most or all of another individual (prey) by the predator56
338466378constitutive/standing defensedefenses that are always present; includes avoidance, poison, flocking, & fighting back; can be extremely effective, but expensive in terms of energy/resources used to produce/maintain them57
338466379aposematic colorationwarning signal for potential predators58
338466380mimicrythe close resemblance of one species to another59
338466381batesian mimicryresemblance of an innocuous prey to a dangerous prey species60
338466382Mullerian mimcryresemblance of two harmful prey species61
338466383inducible defensesdefense traits produced only in response to the presence of a predator62
338466384top-down controlspredation or disease limits herbivores63
338466385bottom-up controlsplants provide poor nutrition or are well defended against herbivory64
338466386keystone speciesa species that has a much greater impact on the surrounding species than its abundance would suggest65
338466387disturbanceany event that removes some individuals (or biomass) from a community66
338466388impact of disturbance is a function ofthe type, the frequency, and the severity of the disturbance67
338466389disturbance regimemost communities experience a characteristic type of disturbance, and in most cases, disturbances occur with a predictable frequency and severity; must be maintained @ normal level or will change dramatically68
338466390pioneering speciesfirst organisms to arrive at a newly disturbed site; usually weeds69
338466391early successional communitiesdominated by species that are short lived and small in stature, and that disperse their seeds over long distances70
338466392late successional communitiesdominated by species that tend to be long-lived, large, & good competitors for resources such as light and nutrients71
338466393species richnessnumber of species present in a given community (presence or absence)72
338466394species diversityincludes presence or absence, but also incorporates a species relative abundance73
338466395alpha richness# species in small, homogeneous area74
338466396gamma richness# of species across larger landscapes75
338466397beta richnessrate of change of species composition across habitats76
338466398role of island size and isolationspecies richness should be higher on larger islands rather than smaller islands, and nearshore islands versus remote islands77
338466399immigration rates eventually decline as the number of species on island increases becauseindividuals that arrive are more likely to represent a species that is present already, and because competition would prevent a new species from becoming established78
338466400extinction rates will rise more slowly on larger islandsbecause more space and larger populations79
338466401extinction rates should increase as species richness increasesbecause niche overlap and competition for resources will be more intense80
338466402distance effectsthe farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer number of species will be able to colonize it81
338466403latitudal gradient in biodiversitycommunities in tropics have more species than communities in temperate or subarctic environments82
338466404energy hypothesiscontends that high temperature increases productivity and the likelihood that organisms can tolerate the physical conditions in a region, thus increasing species diversity83
338466405area and age hypothesisargues that the tropical regions have had more time and space for speciation than other regions84
339149594intermediate disturbance hypothesisregions with a moderate type, moderate frequency, and moderate severity of disturbance should have high species richness and diversity85

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