HOW WE STUDY CELLS
-Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
-Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL
-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ in size and complexity
-Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
-The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
-Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
-The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
-The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
-Lysosomes are digestive compartments
-Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintanence
OTHER MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells
-Peroxisomes generate and degrade H₂O₂ in performing various metabolic functions
THE CYTOSKELETON
-Providing structural support to the cell, the cytoskeleton also functions in cell motility and regulation
CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
-Plant cells are encased by cell walls
-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
-Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
-The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts
| 948045392 | light microscope (LM) | an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens | 1 | |
| 948045393 | resolving power | a measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance that two points can be seperated and still be distinguished as two seperate points | 2 | |
| 948045394 | organelle | one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells | 3 | |
| 948045395 | electron microscope (EM) | a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. | 4 | |
| 948045396 | transmission electron microscope (TEM) | a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells | 5 | |
| 948045397 | scanning electron microscope (SEM) | a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography | 6 | |
| 948045398 | cell fractionation | the disruption of a cell and seperation of its organelles by centrifugation | 7 | |
| 948045399 | ultracentrifuge | a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to seperate liquids and particles of different densities | 8 | |
| 948045400 | cytosol | the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm | 9 | |
| 948045401 | prokaryotic cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea | 10 | |
| 948045402 | nucleoid | a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | 11 | |
| 948045403 | cytoplasm | the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane | 12 | |
| 948045404 | plasma membrane | the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition | 13 | |
| 948045405 | nucleus | 1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons | 14 | |
| 948045406 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of proteins filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus | 15 | |
| 948045407 | chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | 16 | |
| 948045408 | chromosome | a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | 17 | |
| 948045409 | nucleolus | a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes | 18 | |
| 948045410 | ribosome | a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits | 19 | |
| 948045411 | endomembrane system | the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | 20 | |
| 948045412 | vesicle | a sac made of membranes inside of cells | 21 | |
| 948045413 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions | 22 | |
| 948045414 | smooth ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes | 23 | |
| 948045415 | rough ER | the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes | 24 | |
| 948045416 | glycoprotein | a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate | 25 | |
| 948045417 | transport vesicle | a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell | 26 | |
| 948045418 | Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum | 27 | |
| 948045419 | lysosome | a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell | 28 | |
| 948045420 | phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances | 29 | |
| 948045421 | food vacuole | a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis | 30 | |
| 948045422 | contractile vacuole | a membranous sac that helpd move excess water out of the cell | 31 | |
| 948045423 | central vacuole | a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development | 32 | |
| 948045424 | tonoplast | a membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap | 33 | |
| 948045425 | mitochondria | an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration | 34 | |
| 948045426 | chloroplast | an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water | 35 | |
| 948045427 | cristae | an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | 36 |
