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| 948654744 | Society of the Cincinnati | est. 1783; Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions. | 0 | |
| 948654745 | Disestablished | To separate an official state church from tis connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states remained established Congregational Churches well into the 19th century. | 1 | |
| 948654746 | Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom (1786) | Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution. | 2 | |
| 948654747 | Civic Virtue | Willingness on the part of the citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic. | 3 | |
| 948654748 | Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) | First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced bu a more efficient Constitution on 1789. | 4 | |
| 948654749 | Old Northwest | Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future acquisitions. | 5 | |
| 948654750 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt. | 6 | |
| 948654751 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade against the expansion of slavery into the territories. | 7 | |
| 948654752 | Shay's Rebellion (1786) | Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and to end property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. | 8 | |
| 948654753 | Virginia Plan | "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. | 9 | |
| 948654754 | New Jersey Plan (1787) | "Small state" plan put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared the more populous states would dominate the agenda under a proportional system. | 10 | |
| 948654755 | Great Compromise (1787) | Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College. | 11 | |
| 948654756 | Common Law | Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statutes. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government. | 12 | |
| 948654757 | Civil Law | Body of written law enacted through legislative statures or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statues precisely as written. | 13 | |
| 948654758 | Three-fifths Compromise (1787) | Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union. | 14 | |
| 948654759 | Anti-federalists | Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, opposed the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. | 15 | |
| 948654760 | Federalists | Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. | 16 | |
| 948654761 | The Federalist Papers (1788) | Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate to New York to lay our Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation. | 17 | |
| 948654762 | Lord Sheffield | He was an English politician who came from a Yorkshire family, a branch of which had settled in the Kingdom of Ireland.His grandfather was a merchant who emigrated to Ireland after the Restoration. He inherited considerable wealth, and in 1769 bought Sheffield Place in Sussex from Lord De La Warr. Having served in the Army, he entered the House of Commons in 1780, and in that year was prominent against the anti-Catholic Lord George Gordon and the Gordon rioters. | 18 | |
| 948654763 | Daniel Shays | He was an American soldier, revolutionary, and farmer famous for being one of the leaders of Shays' Rebellion, a populist uprising against oppressive debt collection and tax policies in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787. | 19 | |
| 948654764 | Patrick Henry | He was an American attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia, from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786. Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 and is remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is regarded as one of the most influential champions of Republicanism and an invested promoter of the American Revolution and its fight for independence | 20 |
