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| 102100177 | Papacy | office of the pope | 0 | |
| 102100178 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 1 | |
| 102100179 | Investiture Controversy | the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Pope Gregory VII concerning who would control appointments of church officials | 2 | |
| 102100180 | Monasticism | -prominently in religious life of almost all medieval Christian lands -Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty | 3 | |
| 102100181 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles | 4 | |
| 102100182 | Crusades | -A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. -1st success and the rest a failure -weakens the Byzantines -opens up trade | 5 | |
| 102100183 | Pilgrimage | -Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. -Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. | 6 | |
| 102100184 | Canons | Rules set by Councils of bishops to regulate priests and laypeople under their jurisdiction. | 7 | |
| 102100185 | Concordat of Worms | Agreement made by the Pope and Emperor over lay investiture, where Church could only appoint clergy but kings could veto | 8 |
