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| 643401022 | What factors influenced the growth of America industry | abundance of natural resources:coal iron timber petroleum waterpower 2labor was abundant 3 expanded markets both national and international 4 European and American investors provided large amounts of capital.5 American system of government committed to the concept of private property and a reluctance o regulate industrial activity. | 0 | |
| 643401023 | What 19th century areas saw a revolution | transportation (steamboats and RR) and communications(telegraph ) | 1 | |
| 643401024 | how did the rr contribute to the social and economic life? | more direct routes 2 greater speed 3 greater safety and confort 4 more dependable schedules and 5 year-round service. | 2 | |
| 643401025 | How did the RR use the land that the local and federal government gave them? | Sometimes they sold it which was frequently difficult as it was distant but most often they used it as security for bonds or loans. | 3 | |
| 643401026 | Credit Mobilier | a construction company controlled by Union Pacific for kick backs | 4 | |
| 643401027 | Finance company | controlled by Central Pacific both companies avoided congressional investigation by bribing | 5 | |
| 643401028 | Gauges | the distance between the rails ranging from 4 feet x 8 1/2 inches (which became the standard) to 6 feet | 6 | |
| 643401029 | `In the Northeast what were the 4 great trunk lines? | B & O Baltimore and Ohio went to Chicago Erie Railroad went from NY to Chicago New York Central NY to Buffalo and Chicago Pennsylvania Railroad Philadelphia to Pittsburgh; later to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago | 7 | |
| 643401030 | How did the RR change time? | in 1883 they divided the contry into four time zones and adopted the modern system of standard time. | 8 | |
| 643974996 | first labor union and its goals | several unions of skilled workers united by William H. Sylvis sought long term humanitarian reforms as opposed to bread and butter goals. the National Labor Union did not long survive its founder who died in 1869. | 9 | |
| 643974997 | second union, but first to endure was----- and was founded by--- goals? | Uriah S Stephens and a group of Philadelphia garment workers founded the Noble and Holy Order of Knights of Labor, a secret order. Terence V Powderly, elected Grand Master Workman and considered founder, ended secrecy and started recruitment of all workers (women and blacks) the Knights grouped people into two groups, producers and non-producers. Employers were producers and because of the mutual goals of employers and employees, strikes were frowned upon. the Knights worked for 8 hr. day and abolition of child labor. Powderly had even more idealistic goals of making every man his own employer, by having employee owned factories. Membership soared and then crashed about 1890 and the knights were defunct in a few years. | 10 | |
| 643974998 | What union still in existance today was founded in 1886, a loose alliance of national craft unions. | American Federation of Labor (AFL) Founder: Samuel Gompers and president until death (in 1924) was pragmatic in that he accepted capitalism and wanted for workers practical considerations; higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions. To management the AFL offered a stable labor force as long as they obtained fair wages. The most important group in America in 1890. Membership: informal exclusion practices limited or outright denied membership to blacks and women. | 11 | |
| 643974999 | iron law of wages | supply and demand (not welfare of worker-today we call it 'living wage) dictated wages. | 12 | |
| 643975000 | cour injunction | forbade workers to intetfete with their employers business. Broke the great Pullman strike of 1894 | 13 | |
| 643975001 | Debs (1895) | Supreme Court Decision upholding the use of the injunction | 14 | |
| 643975002 | Holden v. Hardy (1898) Lochner v. New York (1905) | Holden upheld a low limiting working hours for miners because their work was dangerous and long hours might increase injuries. Lochner struck it down for bakery workers because baking was safer and the Court saw no reason to interfere with the right of bakers to sell their labor freely. | 15 | |
| 643975003 | great RR strike of 1877 | paralyzed RR from West Virginia to California more than 100 died Federal troops had to be called in to suppress it. | 16 | |
| 643975004 | Haymarket Square | worst incident worker wanted 8-hr day. Police intervening in a strike at the McCormic Harvester works shot and killed two workers. A protest meeting was called by labor leaders at Haymarket Square (near downtown Chicago). 3000 peaceful protesters were ordered to disperse by police. Someone threw a dynamite bomb killing 1 police and 6 others. Police fired into the crowd killing 4. Labor Radicalism allowed police and armories to increase and allowed Chicago police toy round up 8 anarchist and convict them of murder without evidence. 4--hanged 1--suicide 3--jailed until 1893 when pardoned by governor. | 17 | |
| 643975005 | Homestead Strike | 1892 Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick (his partner) cut wages nearly 20% at the Homestead steel plant.-workers struck- Management locked them out of plant. Workers surrounded it-Management hired Pinkerton but they were spotted and a gunfight erupted 3 Pinkerton and 10 miners killed. Pennsylvania governor ordered the state militia to impose peace at Homestead. July 23, two weeks later, anarchist, Alexander Berkman shot 2x and stabbed several Frick. called Dr. bandaged wounds and worked till closing time. | 18 | |
| 643975006 | America post civil war 1900 | Became leading industrial nation in world. National wealth $16 B to $88B | 19 | |
| 643975007 | Negative side of industrialization | rapid change, social instability, exploitation of labor, growing disparity in income. Control rested in fewer and fewer hands. | 20 | |
| 643975008 | Typical work week in 1900 | 10hr day-6 day week. Skilled .20 per hour--unskilled .10. Average worker $400-$500 per year. A family of 4 could live decently on $600 per year Safety standards low to non Few holidays or vacations | 21 | |
| 643975009 | feminization | a process that occured in professions that women entered; women became the majority-a small number of men took management roles, but most men left for other jobs, lowering the profrssion's status. | 22 | |
| 643975010 | What was Menly Park | Menlo Park, New Jersey, the site of Edison's laboratory | 23 | |
| 643975011 | wh does one of Edison's phonographs bear his teeth marks? | he was so deaf that he had to lean his head on the machine and/or bite it to "hear" the vibrations passed through his jaw to his inner ear. | 24 | |
| 643975012 | why did it take until the late 1800's (1862-4) for Congress to move to build the first transcontinental RR? | Sectional quarrels over the route stopped any action, but with the south out of the picture, actually the transcontinental RR was one of many things Congress was able to move forward on. | 25 | |
| 643975013 | Who received the charters? | Union Pacific RR Co. to build westward from Nebraska and Central Pacific RR Co to build eastward from the Pacific Coast. | 26 | |
| 643975014 | What were payment arrangements? | Each mile 20 square miles of land in alternate sections 30-year loan of $16,000, $32,000, or $48,000 depending of the difficulty of the terrain. | 27 | |
| 643975015 | Who was in charge? | General Grenville M. Dodge construction chier for the Union Pacific and Charles Crocker for Central Pacific crew. He had the more difficult conditions andafter severa experiments he hired 6 thousand Chinese laborers. | 28 | |
| 643975016 | when and where did they meet? | May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah, near the northern tip of the Great Salt Lake. Dodge 1086 miles Crockers 689 | 29 | |
| 643975017 | How did America differ from Europe in the financing of the RR? | Europe expected private enterprise to build the RR. American government offered grants as a lure for building across the rugged unsettled West. | 30 | |
| 643975018 | How did RR subsidies differ from those to other carriers? | The expected in return for the RR to carry government freight, troops, and mail at substantially reduced rates saving the government of almoat on billion. this was not a requirement pf canals, highways, or airlines. | 31 | |
| 643975019 | In an age of 'robber barons' why was Gould looked upon as corrupt? | while many managers attempted to improve service, Gould was famous (or infamous) for watering his stock, milking their assets. and when arranging pooling agreements ( a way to control competition by sharing traffic, a way that was legally unenforceable,a handshake agreement) Gould did not always keep his word. | 32 | |
| 643975020 | Self-sustaining systems | a way to consolidate through purchase, lease, and merger thaey attempted to dominate entire regions. | 33 | |
| 643975021 | Panic of 1893 | 1/4 of RR were victims and were bankrupt. | 34 | |
| 644171622 | Who rescued the RR | J. Pierpoint Morgan and a few bankers refinanced ailing RR taking control of the industry. by 1900 he was a dominant figure in American RRing. | 35 | |
| 644171623 | the industrial empire was based on what industry? | RR and steel | 36 | |
| 644171624 | After 1870 what was the worldwide accepted measure of industrial progress? | steel output | 37 | |
| 644171625 | Who emerged master of the steel industry? | Andrew Carnegie partners were Henry Clay Frick and Charles M. Schwab | 38 | |
| 644171626 | To whom did Carnegie sell his steel works? | J.P. Morgan who combined more than 200 other companys to create United States Steel Corporation. | 39 | |
| 644171627 | How did Rockefeller triumphed over his competitors? | By marketing products of high quality at the lowest unit cost. He employed intimidation as well! | 40 |
