Mr.Sanche's Class
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| 36961110 | civilization | An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. | 0 | |
| 36961111 | culture | Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression.Materialculturerefers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology | 1 | |
| 36961112 | history | all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing | 2 | |
| 36961113 | stone age | The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 11) | 3 | |
| 36961114 | paleolithic | second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC | 4 | |
| 36961115 | neolithic | latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere) | 5 | |
| 36961116 | Foragers | people who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects | 6 | |
| 36961117 | agricultural Revolution | The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution | 7 | |
| 36961118 | Holocene | The current interglaciation period, extending from 10,000 years ago to the present on the geologic time scale. | 8 | |
| 36961119 | Megalith | memorial consisting of a very large stone forming part of a prehistoric structure (especially in western Europe) | 9 | |
| 36961120 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. | 10 | |
| 36961121 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. | 11 | |
| 36961122 | Semitic | Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32) | 12 | |
| 36961123 | City-state | A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy | 13 | |
| 36961124 | Hammurabi | King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law. | 14 | |
| 36961125 | Scibe | a person who writes things down | 15 | |
| 36961126 | Ziggurat | a temple tower of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories | 16 | |
| 36961127 | Amulet | Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people | 17 | |
| 36961128 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. | 18 | |
| 36961129 | Pharaoh | the title of the ancient Egyptian kings | 19 | |
| 36961130 | Ma'at | the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head | 20 | |
| 36961131 | Pyramid | a massive memorial with a square base and four triangular sides | 21 | |
| 36961132 | Memphis | The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43) | 22 | |
| 36961133 | Thebes | an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC | 23 | |
| 36961134 | Hieroglyphics | a writing system in which pictures and symbols are used to represent words and sounds | 24 | |
| 36961135 | Papyrus | ancient paper made from stem of papyrus plant | 25 | |
| 36961136 | Mummy | The dead body of a human or animal that has been embalmed and prepared for burial, as according to the practices of the ancient Egyptians. | 26 | |
| 36961137 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48) | 27 | |
| 36961138 | Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system. | 28 | |
| 36961139 | Loess | Fine windblown yellow soil | 29 | |
| 36961140 | shang | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture. | 30 | |
| 36961141 | Divination | Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59) | 31 | |
| 36961142 | Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61) | 32 | |
| 36961143 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 33 | |
| 36961144 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52) | 34 | |
| 36961145 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher, administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances | 35 | |
| 36961146 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. | 36 | |
| 36961147 | Yin yang | the representations of balance and harmony, symbol of Taoists; YIN=feminine, dark, cold, negativity YANG=masculine, light, heat, motivation | 37 | |
| 36961148 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 38 | |
| 36961149 | Meroe | center of the kush dynasty from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150; known for its manufacture of iron weapons and tools. | 39 | |
| 36961150 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86) | 40 | |
| 36961151 | Chavin | A culture that thrived in the Andean region from 900 B.C. to 200 B.C. | 41 | |
| 36961152 | llama | wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump | 42 | |
| 36961153 | Iron age | Period after the 2nd Millennium when soceities began to use this metal instead of bronze. This new AGE was developed as a result of an abundance of this metal. It is also used to create weapons and tools. | 43 | |
| 36961154 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64) | 44 | |
| 36961155 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66) | 45 | |
| 36961156 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66) | 46 | |
| 36961157 | Ramesses II | A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68) | 47 | |
| 36961158 | Minoan | Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73) | 48 | |
| 36961159 | Mycenae | Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74) | 49 | |
| 36961160 | Shaft Graves | A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75 | 50 | |
| 36961161 | Linear B | the modern name for the script, composed of signs and pictures, in which Mycenaean Greeks kept records on tablets of clay | 51 | |
| 36961162 | Neo Assyrian Empire | an empire extending from western iran to syria-palestine, conquered by the assyrians of norther mesoptamia between the tenth and sevent centuries B.C.E they used force and terro and exploited the wealth and lobor of their subjects. they also preserved and continued the cultural and scientific developments of mesopotamian civilization pg 75 | 52 | |
| 36961163 | Mass Deportation | The forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations. The mass deportations practiced by the Assyrian and Persian Empires were meant as a terrifying warning of the consequences of rebellion. They also brought skilled and unskilled labor to the imperial center. | 53 | |
| 36961164 | Library Of ashurbanipal | A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. The many tablets unearthed by archaeologists constitute one of the most important sources of present-day knowledge of the long literary tradition of Mesopotamia. | 54 | |
| 36961165 | Israel | In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98) | 55 | |
| 36961166 | Hebrew Bible | A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99) | 56 | |
| 36961167 | First Temple | A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Soloman in the tenth century B.C. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percetage of agricultural revenues, and become economically and politically powerful. The First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 587 B.C., rebult on a modest scale in the late sixth century B.C., and replaced by King Herod's Second Temple in the late first century B.C. (destroyed by the Romans in 70 A.D.). | 57 | |
| 36961168 | Monotheism | belief that there is one god | 58 | |
| 36961169 | Diaspora | The dispersal of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine - especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Roman's destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in A.D. 170 | 59 | |
| 36961170 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. (103) | 60 | |
| 36961171 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) | 61 | |
| 36961172 | Neo-babylonian Kingdom | under the chaldaeans (nomadic kinship groups that settled in southern Mesopotamia in the early first millennium B.C.E, babylon again becam a major political and cultural center in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E. after partivipating in the destruction of assyrian power, the mnarchs naboplassar and Nebuchadnezzar took over the southern portion of the assyrian domains | 62 |
