the earth and its people chapter 8 ap world history
Terms : Hide Images
| 65532655 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230) | 0 | |
| 65532656 | Muhammad | Founder of Islam, considered the greatest prophet in Islam | 1 | |
| 65532657 | Muslim | A follower of Islam, means "one who has submitted" | 2 | |
| 65532658 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. | 3 | |
| 65532659 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) | 4 | |
| 65532660 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231) | 5 | |
| 65532661 | Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232) | 6 | |
| 65532662 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232) | 7 | |
| 65532663 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232) | 8 | |
| 65532664 | Shi'ites | A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs. | 9 | |
| 65532665 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225) | 10 | |
| 65532666 | Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234) | 11 | |
| 65532667 | Mamluks | turkic slace from central asia that were established as a standing army | 12 | |
| 65532668 | Ghana | the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade | 13 | |
| 65532669 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 14 | |
| 65532670 | Hadith | the literal translation means "story"; traditional teachings based on Muhammad's words and actions; these traditions are traced to eyewitness accounts | 15 | |
| 65532671 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250) | 16 | |
| 65532672 | Medieval | Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250) | 17 | |
| 65532673 | byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) | 18 | |
| 65532674 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267) | 19 | |
| 65532675 | Schism | division; split | 20 | |
| 65532676 | Manor | A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord. | 21 | |
| 65532677 | Serf | peasants on a manor; they were bound to the land; they were not slaves who could be bought and sold—still they were not free | 22 | |
| 65532678 | Fief | An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty | 23 | |
| 65532679 | Vassal | A holder of land under feudal agreements; also a humble servant | 24 | |
| 65532680 | Papacy | the office of the pope | 25 | |
| 65532681 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 26 | |
| 65532682 | Investiture Controversy | struggle between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe over the latter's presentation of the symbols of office to churchmen | 27 | |
| 65532683 | Monasticism | a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 28 | |
| 65532684 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animals neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. | 29 | |
| 65532685 | Crusades | 1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade | 30 | |
| 65532686 | Pilgrimage | A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. | 31 | |
| 65532687 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277) | 32 | |
| 65532688 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277) | 33 | |
| 65532689 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277) | 34 | |
| 65532690 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279) | 35 | |
| 65532691 | Bubonic plague | Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people | 36 | |
| 65532692 | Uighurs | A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. | 37 | |
| 65532693 | Tibet | country in and to the north of the Himalayas, since 1965 a province-level administrative region of China. | 38 | |
| 65532694 | Song Empire | Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285) | 39 | |
| 65532695 | Junk | A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288) | 40 | |
| 65532696 | Gunpowder | The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289) | 41 | |
| 65532697 | Neo-confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 42 | |
| 65532698 | Zen | The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289) | 43 | |
| 65532699 | Movable type | Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293) | 44 | |
| 65532700 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292) | 45 | |
| 65532701 | Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. | 46 | |
| 65532702 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294) | 47 | |
| 65532703 | Champa rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295) | 48 | |
| 65532704 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300) | 49 | |
| 65532705 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. | 50 | |
| 65532706 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucat?n Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (p. 302) | 51 | |
| 65532707 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305) | 52 | |
| 65532708 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 53 | |
| 65532709 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305) | 54 | |
| 65532710 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307) | 55 | |
| 65532711 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308) | 56 | |
| 65532712 | Chiefdom | form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns | 57 | |
| 65532713 | Khipu | cords of knotted strings used during the Inca empire for keeping accounts and recording events | 58 | |
| 65532714 | Ayllu | Andean lineage froup or kin-based community | 59 | |
| 65532715 | Mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations | 60 | |
| 65532716 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313) | 61 | |
| 65532717 | Tiwanaku | Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). | 62 | |
| 65532718 | Wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314) | 63 | |
| 65532719 | Inca | a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s | 64 |
