Cell Cycle (Mitosis), Exam # 2, Prof. Kerkhoff
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| division of pre-existing cells | ||
| reproductive cells (sperm & egg cells) | ||
| all other types of cells, "body-belonging" cells | ||
| (basis of Asexual reproduction), is a division of the genetic material that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to their parent cell | ||
| (basis of Sexual reproduction), is a division of genetic material that produces daughter cells that contain half the chromosomes as their parent cells | ||
| splitting of cell, the division of cytoplasm into the two daughter cells | ||
| the production of offspring that are gentically indentical to the parent | ||
| the orderly sequence of events that occurs starting from the formation of a eukaryotic cell thru the duplication of it chromosomes to the time it undergoes division itself. 2 key events: (1) copying of DNA in chromosomes (2) splitting of 2 copied chromosomes into 2 daughter cells | ||
| discrepancy of 7-9 hrs before interphase (twice as long as second gap) | ||
| lag in cell cycle after interphase & before mitosis | ||
| What does G1 and G2 do? | ||
| mitotic phase, dividing phase | ||
| part of interphase, synthesis of DNA & double amount of organelles | ||
| nondividing phase, when DNA replication/copying occurs, chromosomes are loose | ||
| structure composed of a DNA molecule & associate proteins | ||
| the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes-- consists of DNA complexed w/ histone proteins | ||
| globular proteins associated w/ DNA | ||
| 1 strand of a replicated chromosome, with its associated proteins | ||
| the 2 strands of a replicated chromosome. (genetic material in them is IDENTICAL), separate during mitosis & become independent chromosomes | ||
| the structure that joins sister chromatids | ||
| the stucture on sister chromatids where spindle fibers attach | ||
| any structure that organizes microtubules | ||
| the microtubule organizing center in animals | ||
| cylindrical structures that comprise microtubules (located inside animal centrosomes) | ||
| structure formed during prophase that produces mechanical force that pull chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis (opp. sides of dividing cell) | ||
| groups of microtubules (components of cytoskeleton) attach to the chromosomes, originate from centrosome (organizing center) | ||
| the pinching of the plasma membrane (only in Animal cells) during cytokinesis | ||
| the dividing of the cell wall (only in Plant cells) by vesicles carrying parts of the cell wall and plasma membrane to middle of cell | ||
| How do Microtubules move Chromosomes during Mitosis? | ||
| "post-mitotic", cells that are permanently in G1 phase, done w/ cell cycle permanently. Ex: nerve cells & muscle cells enter it once matured | ||
| (made up of 2 distinct regulatory units)- factor in cytoplasm during M-phase of cells that induces mitosis in all eukaryotes | ||
| a cell in the ovary that can undergo meiosis to produce an ovum (egg) | ||
| one of subunits of MPF (frequent regulatory element in cells)- an enzyme that catalyzes the the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein | ||
| family of proteins that fluctuate in concentration during the cell cycle | ||
| second subunit of MPF, | ||
| is a critical point in the cell cycle that is regulated | ||
| How many checkpoints are there in the 4 phases of the cell cycle? | ||
| (cell-cycle checkpoint) a regulatory protein that stops cell cycle when DNA is physically damaged | ||
| when p53 activates genes that either stop the cell cycle until the damage can be repaired or the whole cell is destroyed | ||
| regulatory proteins. ex: p53 | ||
| general term for disease caused by cells that are growing in an uncontrolled fashion--that invade nearby tissues--and then spread to other sites in the body | ||
| cancerous, invasive tumor | ||
| mass of noninvasive, noncancerous cells | ||
| the establishment of secondary tumors by cancer cells that spread from origial growth spot | ||
| polypeptides or small proteins that are responsible for stimulating cell division | ||
| a suppressor protein that enforces the G1 checkpoint (non-dividing) | ||
| What are the 4 phases of the Cell Cycle? | ||
| What are the 5 steps of Mitosis? | ||
| "before phase"- chromosomes condense & mitotic spindle starts to form | ||
| "before middle-phase"- nuclear envelop breaks down & spindle fibers contact chromosomes at kinetochore (sister chromatids are visible) | ||
| "middle phase"- chromosomes complete moving to the middle of cell | ||
| "against phase"- sister chromatids separate & chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of cell | ||
| "end phase"- the nuclear envelope re-forms around two new set of DNA & spindle fibers disappear | ||
| long, tubular fibers formed by polymerization of tubulin protein dimers; one of three types of cytoskeleton fibers. Involved in CELL MOVEMENT of transport materials w/in cell. |
