The American Pageant 14th Edition
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| 540745774 | Second Continental Congress | met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; no real intention of independence, merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances; sent another list of grievances to Parliament; adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy; selected George Washington to command the army | 0 | |
| 540745775 | George Washington | chosen b/c he was a tall figure who looked like a leader, radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on working without pay, he did keep a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,000 | 1 | |
| 540745776 | Ethan Allen | led a tiny American force called the Green Mountain Boys with Benedict Arnold and they surprised and captured the British garrisons at Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point | 2 | |
| 540745777 | Benedict Arnold | led a tiny American force called the Green Mountain Boys with Ethan Allen and they surprised and captured the British garrisons at Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point; turned traitor in 1780 and joined the British cause. | 3 | |
| 540745778 | Fort Ticonderoga | Fort on Lake Champlain in northeastern New York; patriots led by Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold surprise an outpost on Lake Champlain and capture cannons for the Americans | 4 | |
| 540745779 | Battle of Bunker Hill | June 1775; first major battle of the Revolution; it showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat; Americans lost due to needing more ammo | 5 | |
| 540745780 | "Olive Branch Petition" | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | 6 | |
| 540745781 | Hessians | German mercenaries hired by the King; these mercenaries however, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens | 7 | |
| 540745782 | "Evacuation Day" | the day in 1776 when the British were forced to leave (evacuate) Boston | 8 | |
| 540745783 | Thomas Paine | wrote the pamphlet Common Sense, which urged colonials to stop this war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty, and just fight; nowhere in the universe did a smaller body control a larger one, so Paine argued, saying it was unnatural for tiny Britain to control gigantic America; he called King George III "the Royal Brute of Great Britain." | 9 | |
| 540745784 | Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain | 10 | |
| 540745785 | republic | a form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | 11 | |
| 540745786 | "citizen virtue" | Individuals needed to make sacrifices for the common good; a component many colonists in America felt was fundamental to any successful republican government | 12 | |
| 540745787 | "natural aristocracy" | an aristocracy which arises out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privilege | 13 | |
| 540745788 | Richard Henry Lee | leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies | 14 | |
| 540745790 | Loyalists | also known as Tories; American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence | 15 | |
| 540745791 | Patriots | also known as Whigs; American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won | 16 | |
| 540745792 | Battle of Trenton | December 26, 1776; Washington crosses Deleware River and takes advantage of he Hessians celebrating Christmas; takes the Hessians by suprise and its a victory for the Continental Army | 17 | |
| 540745793 | Valley Forge | Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778; a ton of troops died here from disease and malnutrition; Baron von Steuben comes and trains troops to keep them healthy | 18 | |
| 540883340 | General "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne | commander of British army and German mercenaries, marched from Canada into colonies; defeated at Battle of Saratoga | 19 | |
| 540883341 | Battle of Saratoga | turning point of the American Revolution; very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support; ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain | 20 | |
| 540883342 | Comte de Rochambeau | French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown | 21 | |
| 540883343 | Treaty of Armed Neutrality | alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain | 22 | |
| 540883344 | Battle of King's Mountain | Patriots succeeded in capturing this on Oct.7,1780; victory boosted morale and breathed new life to Patriots in the south; Jefferson called this "the turn of the tide" for the South | 23 | |
| 540883345 | Battle of Cowpens | 1781 battle in South Carolina where Americans won a important victory over the British | 24 | |
| 540883346 | General Charles Cornwallis | British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington | 25 | |
| 540883347 | General Nathaniel Greene | "The Fighting Quaker"; famous Patriot General; best-known for his actions in the south; led outnumbered and outgunned Patriots in a long strategic retreat; this strategy of running away confused Cornwallis, and his forces were defeated by the Patriots at the battle of Cowpens | 26 | |
| 540883348 | Francis Marion | South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution | 27 | |
| 540883349 | "hair buyers" | British who allegedly paid Native Americans for rebel scalps | 28 | |
| 540883350 | Chief Joseph Brandt | A Mohawk Chief who believed if the British won the war, that would protect Indian land from frontiersmen. He attacked the frontier so heavily that 1777 was called the "bloody year." | 29 | |
| 540883351 | Lexington, Kentucky | pioneers camping out in Kentucky got news of the Battle of Lexington and in the American spirit named their campsite after it | 30 | |
| 540883352 | John Paul Jones | Patriot naval leader who commanded the American ship Bonhomme Richard, which defeated the British ship Serapis in 1779 | 31 | |
| 540883353 | Admiral de Grasse | French admiral; had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown. | 32 | |
| 540883354 | Treaty of Paris, 1783 | 3 American delegates: Joh Jay, Ben Franklin, & John Adams, went to Paris to discuss; Britain formally recognized U.S. independence and granted generous boundaries; retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland | 33 |
