Terms : Hide Images
| 1062891541 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 1 | |
| 1062891542 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe form the 8th to the 11th centuries | 2 | |
| 1062891543 | Manorialism | System that described the economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land | 3 | |
| 1064520752 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 4 | |
| 1064520753 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system | 5 | |
| 1064520754 | Three-field System | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow | 6 | |
| 1064520755 | Clovis | Early Frankish King; converted Franks to Christianity c.496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom | 7 | |
| 1064520756 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | 8 | |
| 1064520757 | Martel, Charles | (686-741) Carolingian monarch of the Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to Western Europe | 9 | |
| 1064520758 | Charlemange | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established sustainable empire in France and Germany c.800 | 10 | |
| 1064520759 | Holy Roman Emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany | 11 | |
| 1064520760 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 12 | |
| 1064520761 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy | 13 | |
| 1064520762 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristrocracy | 14 | |
| 1064520763 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France | 15 | |
| 1064520764 | Three Estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders | 16 | |
| 1064520765 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states | 17 | |
| 1064520766 | Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. | 18 | |
| 1064520767 | Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. | 19 | |
| 1064520768 | Investiture | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war within Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 20 | |
| 1064520769 | Abelard, Peter | (1079-1142) Author of "Yes and No"; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 21 | |
| 1064520770 | Bernard of Clairvaux | (1090-1153) Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities | 22 | |
| 1064520771 | Aquinas, Thomas | (1225-1274) Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several "Summas"; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 23 | |
| 1064520772 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems | 24 | |
| 1064520773 | Gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls | 25 | |
| 1064520774 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 26 | |
| 1064520775 | Guilds | Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; offered established franchise within cities | 27 | |
| 1064520776 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reducing Europe's population; affected social structure | 28 |
