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| After two centuries of trying to attract immigrants to America, the influx of Irish Catholics in the 1840s stirred popular resentment and political movements with goals of Irish Catholics and other immigrants as a distinct underclass in American society. | ||
| Industrialism provided economic opportunity for workers and they flocked to cities where industry located. | ||
| A movement that is hostile to foreigners and their cultures. This was spurred by increasing immigration. | ||
| The American Party. Particularly strong in the Northeast, this party peaked in the 1854 election and declined thereafter. | ||
| Began in 1790's ended in the 1820's, the first turnpike was built out of hard packed stone, stretching 60 miles between Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Turnpikes are named after the types of tollgates used on them. | ||
| A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. | ||
| Largest city in 1810, thanks to natural harbor, Erie Canal, and liberal commerce laws. | ||
| Combining short lines into one longer line; by 1853 four major lines connected the NE to the NW; allowed extended growth of railroads; lessened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi; weakened connection between NW and S | ||
| Machine invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire | ||
| Because the telegraph system allowed the exchange of national and international news to be shared by different newspapers, and in 1846, newspaper publishers from around the nation gathered to create an organization that would promote cooperative news gathering by wire. | ||
| A rising class that prospered from the expansion of foreign trade in England amid the growing distress caused by enclosures. They helped create the domestic cloth industry that allowed them to begin marketing finished goods at home and abroad. Important because their fantastic profits gave them a powerful urge to continue expansion, leading them to go to the New World or to fund colonies there. | ||
| Begin to develop rapidly in the 1830s when some legal roadblocks are removed, removal of the state legislation charter process, which was replaced by a simple fee, and the passage of limited liability, which means that, when you own stock in a company, you are only responsible for the shares you own. So if the company goes under, your entire financial life is not on the line, just the shares that you own, which encourages stock ownership. | ||
| Allowed for efficient, mass production in machines; Samuel Slater was the father of this because of his new machine design that enabled mass production. Cut costs and did everything under one roof-system of manufacturing. | ||
| (1799-1800) Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the US government. | ||
| Relied heavily on young, unmarried women; lived in boardinghouses and dorms, fed and well supervised, curfews, regular church attendance, low wages | ||
| In 1834, mill workers in Lowell organized a union known as this, which staged a strike to protest a 25 percent wage cut. Two years later the association struck again, against a rent increase in boardinghouses. Both Strikes failed, and a recession in 1837 nearly killed the organization. | ||
| early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions. | ||
| 1842 in Massachusetts; first judgement in the United States that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. | ||
| The standard of living was improving, but by 1860 5 percent of families owned 50 percent of the nation's wealth. | ||
| A small percentage of the population that consisted of city businessmen, traders, and professionals in the market economy. Their numbers increased through growth and specialization of trade. These families formed the backbone of the clubs and societies of America. | ||
| The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house. | ||
| The production of crops for sale, crops intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets. This was caused by the rising world prices for farmed goods. | ||
| Educated upper classes that Shakespeare was a part of. | ||
| Common people; what Shakespeare was gradually excluded from. | ||
| Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest | ||
| Religion drew farm communities together. These communities with less popular culture and public social life than with people who lived in towns or cities. |
