Terms : Hide Images
| 7761833080 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. | 0 | |
| 7761833081 | Illustrated manuscripts | Monks copied and wrote manuscripts and books as a religious calling and monastic scribes preserved many ancient Latin works that would otherwise have disappeared. The survival of Greek works depended more on Byzantine and Muslim scribes in the east. Literacy was increased with the increase of the manuscrips, paving way to an increase of education. | 1 | |
| 7761833082 | Society and Culture of the time | During this time, there was a lot of Roman, Greek, and Christian influences on the societies all over Europe. Trade brought ideas of Islam to Europe, as well as new technologies that helped to shape the society. During the time of the crusades, there was a huge divide between the adherents of Islam and Christianity due to the push for expansion of Christianity. | 2 | |
| 7761833083 | Role of Technology in the time | Technology and commerce deepened the political and religious gulf between the two Christian zones. Changes in military techniques in western Europe increased battlefield effectiveness, while new agricultural technologies accompanied population increases that revitalized urban life and contributed to the crusading movement by making the nobility hunger for new lands. At the same time, the need to import food for growing urban populations contributed to the growth of maritime commerce in the Mediterranean and North Seas. | 3 | |
| 7761833084 | Horse collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. | 4 | |
| 7761833085 | Crusades | (1095-1204) Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Chris- tians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Cru- sades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 5 | |
| 7761833086 | Pilgrimages | Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. | 6 | |
| 7761833087 | Impact of the Crusades | Exposure to Muslim culture in Spain, Sicily, Mediterranean seaports, and the Crusader principalities established in the Holy Land made many Europeans aware of things lacking in their own lives. | 7 | |
| 7762101770 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. (p. 271) | 8 | |
| 7762101771 | medieval | Literally "middle age," a term that historians of Europe use for the period around 500 to 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 271) | 9 | |
| 7762101772 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantium," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (p. 271) | 10 | |
| 7762101773 | Kievan Russia | a State established at Kiev in Ukraine around 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 271) | 11 | |
| 7762101774 | Hagia Sophia | (/ˈhɑːɡiə soʊˈfiːə/; from the Greek: Αγία Σοφία, pronounced [aˈʝia soˈfia], "Holy Wisdom"; Latin: Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia; Turkish: Ayasofya) was a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and is now a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) in Istanbul, Turkey. | 12 | |
| 7762101775 | Cyrillic | Alphabet based on Greek letters that were developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages | 13 | |
| 7762101776 | Carolingian | relating to the Frankish dynasty, founded by Charlemagne's father (Pepin III), that ruled in western Europe from 750 to 987. | 14 | |
| 7762101777 | Germanic Kingdoms | The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin. ... Tribes referred to as "Germanic" by Roman authors generally lived to the north and east of the Gauls. | 15 | |
| 7762227927 | Hauberk | for military armor. the shorter coat of mail | 16 | |
| 7762227928 | Iron smelting | Production of iron to produce a base metal from its ore | 17 | |
| 7762227929 | Papacy | The central administration of the roman catholic church, of which the pope is the head | 18 | |
| 7762227930 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806 | 19 | |
| 7762227931 | Hildebrand | Battle sword | 20 | |
| 7762227932 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands | 21 | |
| 7762227933 | Thomas a Becket | Saint of the Catholic church | 22 | |
| 7762227934 | Concordat of Worms | Agreement between calixus and holy roman emperor Henry v and the pope on September 23, 1122 | 23 |
