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| 17201324 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history frmo the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 0 | |
| 17201325 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries. | 1 | |
| 17201326 | Manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. | 2 | |
| 17201327 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system. | 3 | |
| 17201328 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permited deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medevial agricultural system. | 4 | |
| 17201329 | Three-field System | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow. | 5 | |
| 17201330 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c.496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom. | 6 | |
| 17201331 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in the 10th century. | 7 | |
| 17201332 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threats to western Europe. | 8 | |
| 17201333 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolignian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800. | 9 | |
| 17201334 | Holy Roman Emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor of c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. | 10 | |
| 17201335 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 11 | |
| 17201336 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based of sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. | 12 | |
| 17201337 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 13 | |
| 17201338 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in ENgland, Spain, Germany, and France. | 14 | |
| 17201339 | Three Estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders. | 15 | |
| 17201340 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states. | 16 | |
| 17201341 | Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. | 17 | |
| 17201342 | Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free the church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture. | 18 | |
| 17201343 | Investiture | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investitures, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. | 19 | |
| 17201344 | Peter Abelard | Author of "Yes and No"; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 20 | |
| 17201345 | Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities. | 21 | |
| 17201346 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about the natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 22 | |
| 17201347 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools of universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems. | 23 | |
| 17201348 | Gothic | An architechtural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports of main walls. | 24 | |
| 17201349 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 25 | |
| 17201350 | Guilds | Sworn association of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities | 26 | |
| 17201351 | Black Death | Plague the struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | 27 |
