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| 981847187 | America | ________ experienced growing pains after the Constitution was launched in 1789. ______ was continuing to grow at an amazing rate, the population was doubling about every twenty-five years and the first official census of 1790 recorded almost 4 million people. _______'s population was still about 90 percent rural, despite the flourishing cities. All but 5 percent of the people lived east of the Appalachian Mountains. The Trans-Appalachian overflow was concentrated chiefly in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. People in these areas were particularly restive and dubiously loyal. | 1 | |
| 981847188 | George Washington | _______ soon put his stamp on the new government, especially by establishing the cabinet. The Constitution does not mention a cabinet; it merely provides that the president "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive-branch departments. But this system proved so cumbersome, and involved so much homework, that cabinet meetings gradually evolved in _______'s administration. | 2 | |
| 981847189 | Cabinet | At first only three full-fledged department heads served under Washington in his _____: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox. | 3 | |
| 981847190 | Ninth Amendment | To guard against the danger that enumerating the rights in the Bill of Rights might lead to the conclusion that they were the only ones protected, Madison inserted the ______. The _______ declares that specifying certain rights "shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." | 4 | |
| 981847191 | Tenth Amendment | In a gesture of reassurance to the states' righters, Madison included the _______, which reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Federal Constitution "to the states respectively, or to the people." By preserving a strong central government while specifying protections for minority and individual liberties, Madison's amendments were more antifederalist. | 5 | |
| 981847192 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | The first Congress created effective federal courts under the ______. The ______ organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general. | 6 | |
| 981847193 | Alexander Hamilton | The key figure in the new government was still the young Treasury Secretary ______, a native of the British West Indies. ______'s genius was unquestioned, but critics claimed _______ loved his adopted country more than he loved his countrymen. Doubts about ________'s character and his loyalty to the republican experiment always swirled about ______'s head. ______ regarded himself as a kind of prime minister in Washington's cabinet and on occasion thrust ______'s hands into the affairs of other departments, including that of his archrival, Thomas Jefferson, who served as secretary of state. | 7 | |
| 981847194 | Alexander Hamilton | A financial wizard, ______ set out immediately to correct the economic vexations that had crippled the Articles of Confederation. _______'s plan was to shape the fiscal policies of the Administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. They, in turn, would gratefully lend the government monetary and political support. The new federal regime would thrive, the propertied classes would fatten, and prosperity would trickle down to the masses. | 8 | |
| 981847195 | National Credit | Hamilton's first objective was to bolster the ______. Without public confidence in the government, Hamilton could not secure the funds with which to float his risky schemes. He therefore boldly urged congress to "fund" the entire national debt "at par" and to assume completely the debts incurred by the states during the recent war. | 9 | |
| 981847196 | Funding at Par | "_______" meant that the Federal Government would pay off its debts at full value, plus accumulated interest -a then- enormous total of more than $54 million. So many people believed the infant Treasury incapable of meeting these obligations that government bonds had depreciated to ten or fifteen cents on the dollar. Yet speculators held fistfuls of them and when Congress passed Hamilton's measure in 1790, they grabbed for more. Some of them galloped into rural areas ahead of the news, buying for a song the depreciated paper holdings of farmers, war veterans, and widows. | 10 | |
| 981847197 | Assumption | Hamilton made a convincing case for ______. The state debts could be regarded as a proper national obligation, for they had been incurred in the War for Independence. | 11 | |
| 981847198 | Alexander Hamilton | ______'s thinking was the belief that assumption would chain the states more tightly to the "federal chariot." Thus _______'s maneuver would shift the attachment of wealthy creditors from the states to the Federal Government. The support of the rich for the national administration was a crucial link in his political strategy of strengthening the central government. | 12 | |
| 981847199 | Alexander Hamilton | States burdened with heavy debts, like Massachusetts, were delighted by ________'s proposal. States with small debts, like Virginia, were less charmed. The stage was set for some old-fashioned horse trading. Virginia did not want the state debts assumed, but it did want the forthcoming federal district -now the District of Columbia -to be located on the Potomac River. It would thus gain in commercial and prestige. ________ persuaded a reluctant Jefferson, who had recently come home from France, to line up enough votes in Congress for assumption. In return, Virginia would have the federal district on the Potomac. The bargain was carried through in 1790. | 13 | |
| 981847200 | Tariff of 1789 | The ______ was the first tariff law, imposing a tariff of about 8 percent on the value of dutiable imports, and was speedily passed by the First Congress in 1789, even before Hamilton was sworn in. Revenue was by far the main goal, but the _______ was also designed to erect a law protective wall around infant industries, which bawled noisily for more shelter than they received. | 14 | |
| 981847201 | Whiskey | Hamilton, with characteristic vigor, sought additional internal revenue and in 1791 secured from Congress on excise tax on a few domestic items, notably ______. The new levy of seven cents a gallon was borne chiefly by the distillers who lived in the backcountry, where the wretched roads forced the former to reduce (and liquefy) bulky bushels of grain to horseback proportions. ______ flowed so freely on the frontier in the form of distilled liquor that it was used for money. | 15 | |
| 981847202 | Bank of the United States | As the capstone for his financial system, Hamilton proposed a _______. An enthusiastic admirer of most things English, he took as his model the Bank of England. Specifically, he proposed a powerful private institution, of which the government would be the major stockholder and in which the Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies. The central government not only would have a convenient strongbox, but federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation. The _______ would also print urgently needed paper money and thus provide a sound and stable national currency, which was baldy needed. | 16 | |
| 981847203 | Thomas Jefferson | ______ argued vehemently against the bank. There was, ______ insisted, no specific authorization in the constitution for such a financial octopus. ______ was convinced that all powers not specifically granted to the central government were reserved to the states, as provided in the about-to-be-ratified Bill of Rights. _____ therefore concluded that the states, not Congress, had the power to charter banks. | 17 | |
| 981847204 | Alexander Hamilton | The government was explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade. In carrying out these basic functions, _____ argued, a national bank would be not only "proper" but "necessary". By inference or implication -that is, by virtue of "implied powers" -Congress would be fully justified in establishing the Bank of the United States. In short, _____ contended for a "loose" or "broad" interpretation of the Constitution. ______ and his federalist followers thus evolved the theory of "loose construction" by invoking the "elastic clause" of the constitution -a presence for enormous federal powers. | 18 | |
| 981847205 | Whiskey Rebellion | The ______, which flared up in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794, sharply challenged the new national government. Hamilton's high excise tax bore harshly on homespun pioneer folk. They regarded it not as a tax on a frivolous luxury but as a burden on an economic necessity and a medium of exchange. Rye and corn crops distilled into alcohol were more cheaply transported to eastern markets than bales of grain. | 19 | |
| 983146241 | George Washington | _______, once a revolutionary, was alarmed by what he called these "self-created societies." With the hearty encouragement of Hamilton, ________ summoned the militia of several states. Anxious moments followed the call, for there was much doubt as to whether men in other states would muster to crush a rebellion in a fellow state. Despite some opposition, an army of about thirteen thousand rallied to the colors, and two widely separated columns marched briskly forth. | 20 | |
| 983146242 | Whiskey Rebellion | The ______ was minuscule -some three rebels were killed -but its consequences were mighty. George Washington's government, now substantially strengthened, commanded a new respect. Yet the foes of the administration condemned its brutal display of force -for having used a sledgehammer to crush a gnat. | 21 | |
| 983146243 | Founding Fathers | The ______ had not envisioned the existence of permanent political parties. Organized opposition to the government -especially a democratic government based on popular consent- seemed tainted with disloyalty. Opposition to the government affronted the spirit of national unity that the glorious cause of the Revolution had inspired. | 22 | |
| 983146244 | Political Parties | The notion of ______ were a novelty in the 1790s, and when Jefferson and Madison first organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program, they confined their activities to Congress and did not anticipate creating _____ . But as their antagonism to Hamilton stiffened, and as the amazingly boisterous and widely read newspapers of the day spread their political message, and Hamilton's, among the people, primitive semblances of ______ began to emerge. | 23 | |
| 983146245 | The French Revolution | In the early stages of the ______ the American people, loving liberty and despising despotism, cheered the ______ on. They were flattered to think that the outburst the ______ practiced was but the second chapter of their own glorious revolution, as to some extent it was. After things took a turn for the worse in 1793, however, opinion changed pretty quickly. | 24 | |
| 983146246 | Thomas Jefferson | ______'s sober-minded followers regretted the bloodshed of the French Revolution. But they felt, like him, that one could not expect to be carried from "despotism to liberty in a feather bed" and that a few thousand aristocratic heads were a cheap price to pay for human freedom. | 25 | |
| 983146247 | Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 | Washington boldly issued the ______, shortly after the outbreak of war between Britain and France. The ______ not only proclaimed the government's official neutrality in the widening conflict but sternly warned American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps. | 26 | |
| 983146248 | Citizen Edmond Genet | An impetuous, thirty-year old representative of the French Republic, ______ had landed at Charleston, South Carolina. With unrestrained zeal _____ undertook to fit our privateers and otherwise take advantage of the existing Franco-American alliance. Washington eventually ordered for _____'s removal from the United States. | 27 | |
| 983146249 | Jay's Treaty of 1794 | Unhappily, America entered into negotiations for ______ with Britain with weak cards, which were further sabotaged by Hamilton. Not surprisingly, Jay won few concessions. The British did promise to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil -a pledge that inspired little confidence since it had been made before. In addition, Britain assented to pay damages for the recent seizures and impressments of about supplying arms to Indians. And they forced Jay to give ground by binding the United States to pay the debts still awed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts. | 28 | |
| 983146250 | Jay's Treaty of 1794 | When the Jeffersonian learned of Jay's concessions in ______, their rage was fearful to behold. ______ seemed like an abject surrender to Britain, as well as a betrayal of the Jeffersonian south. Southern planters would have to pay the major share of the pre-Revolutionary debts. | 29 | |
| 983146251 | Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 | Fearing that Jay's Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American alliance, Spain moved hastily to strike a deal with the United States. ______ was with Spain and granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, included free navigation of the Mississippi and the largely disputed territory north of Florida. | 30 | |
| 983146252 | General "Mad Anthony" Wayne | In 1794 a new army under _____ routed the Miami's at the Battle of Fallen Timbers where the British refused to shelter Indians fleeting from the battle. Abandoned when it counted by their red-coated friends, the Indians soon offered him the peace pipe. | 31 | |
| 983146253 | Treaty of Greenville | In the _____, signed in August 1795, the Indian Confederacy gave up vast tracts of the Old Northwest, including most of present-day Indiana and Ohio. In exchange the Indians received a lump-sum payment of $20,000, an annual annuity of $9,000, the right to hunt the lands they had ceded, and, most important, what they hoped was recognition of their sovereign status. Although the ______ codified an unequal relationship, the Indians felt that the ______ put some limits on the ability of the United States to decide the fate of Indian peoples. | 32 | |
| 983146254 | George Washington's Farewell Address | _____ warned the U.S. against having alliances with other nations. The U.S. was weak at the time and making alliances would bind the U.S. to go to war at the beck and call of another nation. | 33 | |
| 983146255 | George Washington's Farewell Address | In 1796 _____ strongly advised the avoidance of "permanent alliances" like the still-vexatious Franco-American Treaty of 1778, | 34 | |
| 983146256 | George Washington's Farewell Address | ______ warned against Sectionalism, becoming tangled in other nation's affairs, forgetting the importance and authority of the constitution, and the need for a national budget. | 35 | |
| 983146257 | John Adams | _____' two terms as Vice President were frustrating experiences for a man of his vigor, intellect, and vanity. _____ complained to his wife , "My country has in its wisdom, contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived of his imagination conceived." | 36 | |
| 983146258 | Playing Politics | "_____" referred to the campaigns during the election of 1796. Unlike the previous elections, this one had heavy campaigning, mudslinging, and foreign backing and influence. | 37 | |
| 983146259 | Jay's Treaty of 1794 | The French were infuriated by the _____. They condemned it as the initial step toward an alliance with Britain, their perpetual foe. They further assailed the pact as a flagrant violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. French warships, in retaliation, began to seize defenseless American merchant vessels. | 38 | |
| 983146260 | "Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute" | War hysteria swept through the United States, catching up even President Adams. The slogan of the hour became this. The Federalists were delighted at this unexpected turn of affairs, where as all except the most rabid Jeffersonians hung their heads in shame over the misbehavior of their French friends. | 39 | |
| 983146261 | X, Y, and Z | Adam's envoys, reaching Paris in 1797, hoped to meet Tallegrand the crafty French foreign minister. They were secretly approached by three go-betweeners, later referred to as this in the published dispatches. The French spokesman, among other concessions demanded an unneutral loan of 23 million florins, plus what amounted to a bribe of $250,000, for the privilege of merely talking with Tallegrand. | 40 | |
| 983146262 | Quasi War | An undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict was something also referred to as the "Undeclared War with France", the "Pirate Wars", and the "Half-War". | 41 | |
| 983146263 | John Adams | He was able to avoid war with France after a great deal of haggling. A memorable treaty known as the Convention of 1800 was signed in Paris. France agreed to annul the twenty-two-year-old marriage of (in)convenience, but as a kind of alimony the United States agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers. So ended the nation's only peacetime military alliance for a century and a half. It troubled history does much to explain the traditional antipathy of the American people to foreign entanglements. | 42 | |
| 983146264 | Alien and Sedition Acts | The Federalist Congress wanted these in the hopes of discouraging the "dregs" of Europe by erecting a disheartening barrier. They raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from a tolerable five ears to an intolerable fourteen. This drastic new law violated the traditional American policy of open door hospitality and speedy assimilation. | 43 | |
| 983146265 | Naturalization Act | This increased the amount of time necessary for immigrants to become naturalized citizens in the United States from five to fourteen years. | 44 | |
| 983146266 | Alien and Sedition Acts | The strong steps that Adams took in response to the French foreign threat also included repression of domestic protest. A series of laws know collective as this were passed. | 45 | |
| 983146267 | Sedition Act | This "lockjaw" act, the last measure of the Federalist clampdown, was a direct slap at tow priceless freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution by the Bill of Rights -freedom of speech and freedom of the press. This law provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. | 46 | |
| 983146268 | The Federalists | The Sedition Act seemed to be in direct conflict with the Constitution. But the Supreme Court, dominated by these, was of no mind to declare this federal law unconstitutional. They intentionally wrote the law to expire in 1801, so that it could not be used against them if they lost the election. This attempt by the them to crush free speech and silence the opposition part made many converts for the Jeffersonians. | 47 | |
| 983146269 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | These were a brilliant formulation of the extreme states' rights view regarding the Union -indeed more sweeping in their implications than their authors had intended. They were later used by southerners to support nullification -and untimely secession. Yet neither Jefferson nor Madison, as Founding Fathers of the Union, had any intention of breaking it up: they were groping for ways to preserve it. | 48 | |
| 983146270 | Compact Theory | Both Jefferson and Madison stressed this -a theory popular among English political philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As applied to America by the Jeffersonians, this concept meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a "compact", or contract, regarding its jurisdiction. | 49 | |
| 983146271 | "Nullification Theory" | The national government was the agent or creation of the states. Since water can rise no higher than its source, the individual states were the final judges of whether their agent had broken the "compact" by overstepping the authority originally granted. Invoking this logic, Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions concluded that the federal regime had exceeded its Constitutional powers and that with regard to the Alien and Sedition act, this -a refusal to accept them -was the "rightful remedy" | 50 | |
| 983146272 | Federalists | These advocated a strong central government with the power to crush democratic excesses like Shays' Rebellion, protect the lives and estates of the wealthy, subordinate the sovereignty-loving states, and promote foreign trade. They believed that government should support private enterprise but not interfere with it. This attitude came naturally the merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard, who made up the majority of their support. Farther inland, few Hamiltonians dwelled. | 51 | |
| 983146273 | Democratic-Republicans | Jeffersonian Republicans demanded a weak central regime. They believed that the best government was the one that governed least. The bulk of the power, Jefferson argued, should be retained by the states. There the people, in intimate contact with local affairs, could keep a more vigilant eye on their public servants. Otherwise a dictatorship might develop. Central authority -a kind of necessary evil -was to be kept at a minimum through a strict interpretation off the Constitution. The national debt, which he saw as a curse illegitimately bequeathed to later generations, was to be paid off. | 52 |
