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| 5307458590 | photosynthesis | A process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light and energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches | 0 | |
| 5307459859 | autotroph | An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food | 1 | |
| 5307459860 | heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things | 2 | |
| 5307462010 | chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs | 3 | |
| 5307461153 | mesophyll | Spongy tissue in the interior of the leaf where most chloroplasts are found. | 4 | |
| 5307874735 | guard cell | Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing | 5 | |
| 5307874736 | vascular bundle | a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem | 6 | |
| 5307876024 | xylem | Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves | 7 | |
| 5307877205 | phloem | Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant | 8 | |
| 5307461154 | stroma | Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens | 9 | |
| 5307462011 | thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy | 10 | |
| 5307461155 | stomata | Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move | 11 | |
| 5307463707 | grana | stacks of thylakoids | 12 | |
| 5307467491 | oxygen | byproduct of light reactions (from splitting of water) | 13 | |
| 5307467492 | glucose | product of photosynthesis | 14 | |
| 5307874737 | upper epidermis | A continous layer of cells covered by a thick waxy cuticle, located there to prevent water loss from the upper surface even when heated by sunlight | 15 | |
| 5307469264 | vein | Located on the leaf. Contains xylem and phloem tubes. | 16 | |
| 5307872421 | cuticle | The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants | 17 | |
| 5307471355 | photosynthesis equation |  | 18 | |
| 5307478428 | redox reaction | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction | 19 | |
| 5307480389 | light reactions | The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process. | 20 | |
| 5307480390 | Calvin cycle | reactions of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH are used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars | 21 | |
| 5307867649 | dark reactions | another name for the Calvin cycle | 22 | |
| 5307867650 | light-independent reactions | another name for the Calvin cycle | 23 | |
| 5307480391 | NADP+ | An electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions | 24 | |
| 5307935735 | NADPH | An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming NADPH, which provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle. | 25 | |
| 5307481380 | phosphorylation | addition of a phosphate group | 26 | |
| 5307481381 | carbon fixation | The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds (first stage of Calvin cycle) | 27 | |
| 5327881118 | 3 stages of Calvin cycle | fixation, reduction, regeneration | 28 | |
| 5307938477 | ATP | energy source for Calvin cycle, used to form sugar from CO2 | 29 | |
| 5307877206 | endosymbiosis theory | proposes that mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside another cell about 2 billion years ago | 30 | |
| 5307878801 | cyanobacteria | Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis | 31 | |
| 5307881061 | wavelength | The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum. | 32 | |
| 5307881062 | electromagnetic spectrum | All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation |  | 33 |
| 5307881063 | visible light | Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen with the unaided eye | 34 | |
| 5307882587 | photon | particle of light that contains a certain amount of energy (shorter wavelength = greater energy of photon) | 35 | |
| 5307882588 | pigment | substance that absorbs visible light, producing color | 36 | |
| 5307882589 | spectrophotometer | An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution. | 37 | |
| 5307884628 | absorption spectrum | The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light | 38 | |
| 5307886304 | chlorophyll | Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis | 39 | |
| 5307884629 | chlorophyll a | A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions | 40 | |
| 5307884630 | chlorophyll b | One type of chlorophyll that acts as an antenna pigment, expanding the wavelengths of light that can be used to power photosynthesis | 41 | |
| 5307895308 | porphyrin ring | The part of a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy. Attached to a hydrocarbon tail. | 42 | |
| 5307897134 | photoprotection | Absorbing excessive light energy that could potentially damage Chlorophyll | 43 | |
| 5307899079 | carotenoid | An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. | 44 | |
| 5307899080 | photosystem | A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. | 45 | |
| 5307900619 | reaction-center complex | an organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules | 46 | |
| 5307900620 | light-harvesting complex | A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem. | 47 | |
| 5307902057 | primary electron acceptor | In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them. | 48 | |
| 5307903511 | photosystem II | A photosystem that contains a pair of P680 chlorophyll molecules and uses absorbed light energy to split water into protons and oxygen and to produce ATP. | 49 | |
| 5307902058 | photosystem I | A photosystem that contains a pair of P700 chlorophyll molecules and uses absorbed light energy to split water into protons and oxygen and to produce ATP. | 50 | |
| 5307951881 | P680 | Reaction center chlorophyll in the photosystem II. | 51 | |
| 5307951882 | P700 | Reaction center chlorophyll in the photosystem I. | 52 | |
| 5307903512 | linear electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems (I and II) and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2. The net electron flow is from H2O to NADP+. | 53 | |
| 5307905718 | cyclic electron flow | A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen | 54 | |
| 5307907044 | chemiosmosis | A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. | 55 | |
| 5307909683 | rubisco | nickname for RuBP carboxylase, enzyme that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle (addition of CO2 to RuBP) | 56 | |
| 5307909684 | RuBP | The 5-carbon molecule that accepts CO2 at the beginning of the Calvin cycle | 57 | |
| 5307911993 | RuBP carboxylase | long name for rubisco | 58 | |
| 5307918673 | G3P | Three-carbon sugar that is the main product of the Calvin cycle Two of these combine to form glucose After 3 turns of the Calvin cycle, 1 of these leaves the cycle and 5 are used to regenerate RuBP | 59 | |
| 5307918674 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | full name of G3P | 60 | |
| 5307922543 | C3 plant | (95% of plants) These only use the Calvin cycle (unlike C4/CAM) Best climate: cool, damp, cloudy Loss of carbon through photorespiration is high, but they require less light because metabolic process is efficient | 61 | |
| 5307922544 | photorespiration | A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide | 62 | |
| 5307922545 | C4 plant | A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle | 63 | |
| 5307924138 | bundle-sheath cell | Cells tightly wrapped around the veins of a leave (the site of the Calvin cycle in C4 plants) | 64 | |
| 5307924139 | mesophyll cell | A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface (the site of carbon fixation in C4 plants) | 65 | |
| 5307924140 | PEP carboxylase | An enzyme that adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells of C4 and CAM plants. It acts prior to photosynthesis. | 66 | |
| 5307925951 | crassulacean acid metabolism | full name of CAM | 67 | |
| 5307927913 | CAM plant | A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions. In this process, carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. | 68 | |
| 5338888597 | light independent reactions | step of photosynthesis in which glucose is formed | 69 | |
| 5338894342 | 3-PGA | The intermediate between carbon fixation and reduction within the Calvin cycle; is converted to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate through phosphorylation by ATP | 70 | |
| 5338907474 | 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate | intermediate between 3-PGA and G3P in the Calvin cycle is reduced by NADPH to form G3P | 71 | |
| 5338928492 | ADP and NADP+ | byproducts of reduction phase of Calvin cycle go on to participate in light reactions | 72 | |
| 5338936881 | regeneration of RuBP | 5 G3Ps (15 carbons) rearranged and phosphorylated (using 3 ATPs) to produce 3 RuBPs | 73 | |
| 5338957350 | products of 3 turns of Calvin cycle | 6 molecules of G3P | 74 | |
| 5338967958 | number of ATP used during fixation (in 3 turns of Calvin cycle) | 6 (1 per G3P) | 75 | |
| 5338970463 | number of ATP used during regeneration of RuBP (in 3 turns of Calvin cycle) | 3 (1 per RuBP regenerated) | 76 | |
| 5338976503 | number of NADPH used during fixation (in 3 turns of Calvin cycle) | 6 (1 per G3P) | 77 | |
| 5338988057 | three reactants in synthesis of 1 glucose molecule (6 turns of Calvin cycle) | 6 CO2 18 ATP 12 NADPH | 78 | |
| 5338994319 | causes of photorespiration | buildup of oxygen in leaf because plants close stomata to prevent water loss in hot temperatures rubisco's higher affinity for oxygen at higher temperatures | 79 | |
| 5339006508 | oxaloacetate | 4-carbon sugar product of carbon fixation (addition of CO2 to PEP by PEP carboxylase) | 80 | |
| 5339006509 | maltate | intermediate in C4/CAM pathway in C4 plants, transported to bundle sheath cells, then broken down into pyruvate and 1 CO2 molecule | 81 | |
| 5339006510 | pyruvate | phosphorylated to regenerate PEP in C4 pathway | 82 | |
| 5339016641 | PEP | similar to RuBP, PEP is the protein that accepts CO2 during carbon fixation in C4/CAM plants | 83 |
