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| 8200211840 | Byzantine Empire | The surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries. Its capital was Constantinople and was first spread after the western Roman Empire collapsed among nomads and barbarians. Territories like the Byzantium Empire had expanded to and conquered during Justinian's reign and after the time of his death (565 CE). |  | 0 |
| 8200211841 | Constantinople | Also known as Constantinopolis, Constantinople is the second capital of the Byzantium Empire after Byzantium (c. 330 CE), named after its founder and first leader, Constantine I (r. 330 - 337; his death). It now stands as present-day Istanbul, Turkey. It served at the new capital for the Eastern half of the Roman Empire, established in 330 CE by Constantine I. In fact, Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to present-day Turkey (Byzantium). This was a major city for trade between Europe and the Middle East, so a handful of other empires began to take over multiple times. Constantinople was later overruled by Ottoman Turks and Muslims and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire (Mongols!!) in 1453 CE. |  | 1 |
| 8200214591 | Caesaropapism | A political religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment. The religious leader also became the political leader and obtained much power, if not all in that system. The idea of combining the power of secular government with the religious power, or making it superior to, the spiritual authority of the church, a policy used in the Byzantine Empire. |  | 2 |
| 8200216544 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity that developed in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire that evolved following the gradual division from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe (Roman Empire) and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople. Icons of Orthodox Christianity included the Virgin Mary. |  | 3 |
| 8200216545 | Patriarch | Powerful officials who didn't like the idea of independence (like the west did). The emperors of Byzantine treated the church as a department of state and appointed them as well as instructed them to deliver sermons that supports imperial policy and encouraged obedience to imperial authorities, causing tensions. | 4 | |
| 8200221685 | Latin (Catholic) Christianity | The West European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break that still hasn't been fixed nor healed. This was the religion that took part in Western Europe, distinctly from Western Rome. |  | 5 |
| 8200221686 | Pope | The bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church. |  | 6 |
| 8200223890 | Great Schism (East vs. West) | The formal split of a religion organization; any division or separation of a group into hostile factions. It affected the east and west in ways like the split of the Christendom in 1054 CE on account of difference in church leadership, languages, religious imagery, and the filioque. East: (not yet determined) West: (not yet determined) |  | 7 |
| 8200223891 | Crusades | A term used to describe the Holy Wars (1096 - 1270 CE) waged by Western Christendom from 1095 CE until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond. The holy wars waged by Western Christendom until the end of the Middle Ages, in hope to get their holy land back, led in three waves inspired by the Pope (Pope Urban II). It was the armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Also known as a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. |  | 8 |
| 8200227827 | Prince Vladimir of Kiev (Russia) | The Grand Prince of Kiev whose conversion to Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the circle of Eastern Orthodoxy, thus making it a state religion and one of the first Czars. He attempted the expansion of the south, but it conflicted with the Byzantine Empire instead. It is he who converted Kievan Rus to Christianity. With the incorporation with Russia, he unified Rus with Eastern Orthodoxy religion. He tried to politically unite the Kievan Rus Empire, but failed. |  | 9 |
| 8200227828 | Kievan Rus | A state/monarchy that was established around the city of Kiev, Russia in the 9th century CE; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. It was ruled having loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats. Scandinavians coined the term "Russia" with influences from Byzantine. |  | 10 |
| 8200230488 | Charlemagne | Ruler of the Carolingian Empire who staged and imperial revival in Western Europe; King of the Franks (r. 768 - 814 CE) and emperor from 800 - 814 CE who conquered much of Western Europe. Through a series of military conquests, he managed to establish the Carolingian Empire, which emcompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. He was a great patron of literature and learning despite being illiterate and started a brief (but notable) revival of intellect. |  | 11 |
| 8200230489 | Serfdom | The status or use of serfs under the Manorialism or Feudalism system. It is practically a modified form of slavery or forced labor and takes place in a system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers. |  | 12 |
| 8200230490 | Serfs | A person who lived on and farmed a lord's land in feudal times. |  | 13 |
| 8200232956 | Feudalism | A political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offering protection and land in return for services. | 14 | |
| 8200237675 | Manorialism | A political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land on their lord. | 15 | |
| 8200237676 | Investiture Conflict/Controversy | Known as the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe, this began as a dispute in the 11th century CE between the Holy Roman Emperors, Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Disagreement: it was a dispute between the emperor and the pope on who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands; the confrontation between the two over the natural of church leadership and who had the right to appoint bishops and popes. In the end, the church won the argument. |  | 16 |
| 8200240493 | Guilds | A business association that dominated medieval towns and was formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulates their professions and also provides a social and religious network for members. They passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls around cities, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc. |  | 17 |
| 8200240494 | Indulgence | A remission of the penalty for confessed sin that could be granted only by the pope; a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic church reducing time in purgatory after death. This made it easier for the Catholic church to collect money. | 18 | |
| 8200249871 | Anchoresses | A woman who withdrew to a locked cell, where she could devote herself to a prayer and fasting. | 19 | |
| 8200249872 | Parliament | British legislature that kept the king aligned with his schedules. Significance was that the Bill of Rights of 1689 specified that the Parliament had to be called frequently and had consent to changes in law and to the raising of an army in peacetime. |  | 20 |
| 8200252060 | Natural Philosophy | The study of nature, which was developed in the Middle Ages. | 21 | |
| 8200254485 | ***Severan Dynasty | Imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire from 193 - 235 CE. Was founded by a Roman general named Septimus Severus, who was also the victor of the 193 - 197 civil war in the Roman Empire, also known as the Year of the Five Emperors. Featured Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and he himself, Septimus Severus. |  | 22 |
| 8200254486 | ***Middle Ages | The period of history between Classical Antiquity and the Italian Renaissance era. |  | 23 |
| 8200254487 | ***Justinian I | The emperor of the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century CE who reconquered the large majority of the territory following the ruler of Rome, who initiated a fairly ambitious building program (Hagia Sofia), a new legal code, and nobody liked him and thought he was a moron. He was married to Theodora (c. 500 - 548 CE) and aspired to conquer "Old Rome." |  | 24 |
| 8200257385 | ***Hagia Sofia/Sophia | The most famous example of Byzantine architecture, which was built by Justinian I. It is considered to be one of the most perfect buildings in the world in history. |  | 25 |
| 8200257386 | ***Kiev, Russia | A popular trade city in Southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century. It became a focal point for the kingdoms of Russia that spread into the 12th century. |  | 26 |
| 8200259853 | ***Carolingians | The family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 - 987 CE in the Carolingian Dynasty (714 - 1124 CE). This began when Pepin III was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun. Founded in 714 CE by Charles Martel, Duke and Prince of the Franks, as well as Mayor of the Palace - he was the acting ruler of Francia (present-day France, northwest Germany, northern Italy, Belgium; Gaul) |  | 27 |
| 8200259854 | ***Charles Martel | The Frankish commander for the Battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages (c. 5th century CE - 15th century CE). He, in a way, started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. He was also Duke and Prince of the Franks, Mayor of the Palace, and acting King of Francia (c. 718 - 741 CE; his death). |  | 28 |
| 8200267819 | ***Chapter 10 Timeline of Events | 1. 285 CE: Partition of the Roman Empire 2. 330 CE: Founding of Constantinople 3. 395 CE: Death of Theodosius I 4. 476 CE: Nominal End of the Western Roman Empire 5. 1204 CE: Fourth Crusade - establishment of the Latin Empire (Empire of Romania; 1204 - 1261 CE) 6. 1261 CE: Reconquest of Constantinople by Palaiologos 7. 29 May 1453 CE: Fall of Constantinople 8. 15 August 1461 CE: Fall of Trebizond 9. December 1475 CE: Fall of Principality of Theodoro | 29 | |
| 8200270839 | ***Chapter 10 Timeline of Constantinople | 1. 330 CE: Founding of Constantinople 2. c. 404/405 - 413 CE: Construction of Theodosian Walls 3. 474 CE: Great Fire of Constantinople 4. 532 CE: Nika Riots and Fire of Constantinople 5. 537 CE: Completion of the Hagia Sophia by Justinian 6. 626 CE: First Siege of Constantinople 7. 674 - 678 CE: First Arab Siege of Constantinople 8. 717 - 718 CE: Great Siege of Constantinople, Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 9. 1204 CE: Sack of Constantinople 10. 1261 CE: Liberation of Constantinople 11. 1453 CE: Fall of Constantinople | 30 |
