Chapter 11 AP Biology Cell communication
Dana Hills High School
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| 1928858596 | Cell-to-Cell communication is important in both_____________ and ___________ organisms. | Multicellular Unicellular | 0 | |
| 1928858597 | What are the most common signals? | Chemical Signals | 1 | |
| 1928858598 | What cell 'conversation" occurs in yeast? | Sex | 2 | |
| 1928858599 | What are the two sexes for reproduction conversation? | a alpha | 3 | |
| 1928858600 | The similarities between signaling systems provides supporting evidence to the theory of | evolution | 4 | |
| 1928858601 | Similarities between signaling systems can be found within____ and _____, as well as, _____ and ____ | bacteria plants yeast animals | 5 | |
| 1928858602 | Multicellular organisms release _____ ______ that target other cells | signaling molecules | 6 | |
| 1928858603 | True or False: "a" factors and alpha factors bind to the receptor proteins of the other mating type to form an a/alpha cell containing the genes of both cells | True | 7 | |
| 1928858604 | What are the three types of cell communication? | Direct communication local communication long-distance communication | 8 | |
| 1928858605 | For cells to communicate directly animals cells use ___ ______ and plant cells use ______ | gap junctions plasmodesmota | 9 | |
| 1928858606 | True or false: Signaling molecules dissolved in the cytosol can pass freely between adjacent cells | True | 10 | |
| 1928858607 | Cell-to-cell recognition is important to what processes? | Embryonic development and the immune response | 11 | |
| 1928858608 | ____ molecules are secreted by the signaling cell. | messenger | 12 | |
| 1928858609 | ____ ____ are transmitting cells that influence cells in the local vicinity | Local regulators | 13 | |
| 1928858610 | _____ ______, includes compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and multiply. | Growth factors | 14 | |
| 1928858611 | True or False: Growth factors are a class of signaling molecules in plants | False; Growth factors are a class of local regulators in animals | 15 | |
| 1928858612 | _____ signaling occurs when numerous cells simultaneously receive and response to growth factors produced by a single cell in their vicinity. | Paracrine | 16 | |
| 1928858613 | In ______ signaling, a nerve cell produces a neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse to a single cell that is almost touching the sender. | synpatic | 17 | |
| 1928858614 | The transmission of a signal through the nervous system can be considered an example of _____ ______ _________. | long-distance signaling | 18 | |
| 1928858615 | Because of their ____ _____, plants must have different mechanisms from animals. | cell walls | 19 | |
| 1928858616 | Plants and animals use ______ for long-distance signaling | hormones | 20 | |
| 1928858617 | In animals, specialized _____ cells release hormones into the circulatory system, by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body | endocrine | 21 | |
| 1928858618 | Plant hormones, called _____ ______, may travel in vessels but more often travel from cell to cell or move through air by diffusion | growth regulators | 22 | |
| 1928858619 | The plant hormone ______ (C2H4) is a _______ of only six atoms, capable of passing through cell walls | Ethylene hydrocarbon | 23 | |
| 1928858620 | The signal must be recognized by a specific receptor molecule, and the information it carries must be changed into another form, or _______, inside the cell before the cell can response | transduced | 24 | |
| 1928858621 | What are the three stages of cell signaling? | Reception Transduction Response | 25 | |
| 1928858622 | Who is responsible for our understanding of cell signaling? | E W Sutherland | 26 | |
| 1928858623 | E W Sutherland investigated how the animal hormone ______ stimulates breakdown of the storage polysaccharide _____ in liver and skeletal muscle. | Epinephrine glycogen | 27 | |
| 1928858624 | One effect of epinephrine | mobilization of fuel reserves | 28 | |
| 1928858625 | Epinephrine activates a cytosolic enzyme, ______ ______ | glycogen phosphorylase | 29 | |
| 1928858626 | In _____, a chemical signal binds to a cellular protein, typically at the cell's surface of inside the cell. | reception | 30 | |
| 1928858627 | In ______, binding leads to a change in the receptor that triggers a series of changes in a series of different molecules along a ______-_______ Pathway | transduction signal transduction | 31 | |
| 1928858628 | The molecules in the signal-transduction pathway are called ______ molecules. | relay | 32 | |
| 1928858629 | In ______, the transduced signal triggers a specific cellular activity | response | 33 | |
| 1928858630 | The cell targeted by a particular chemical signal has a _____ ______ on or in the target cell that recognizes the signal molecule | receptor protein | 34 | |
| 1928858631 | ______ occurs when the signal binds to a specific site on the receptor that is complementary in shape to signal | recognition | 35 | |
| 1928858632 | a ______ is a molecule that binds with specificity to a larger molecule | ligand | 36 | |
| 1928858633 | The ligand binding causes the receptor protein to undergo a change in...... | conformation | 37 | |
| 1928858634 | Most signal receptors are plasma membrane proteins, whose ligands are _____ ______-_______ molecules that are too large to cross the plasma membrane | larger water-soluble | 38 | |
| 1928858635 | Some receptor proteins are ______ | intracellular | 39 | |
| 1928858636 | Most signal receptors are _____ ______ _______. | plasma membrane proteins | 40 | |
| 1928858637 | Some signal receptors are dissolved in the _____ or _____ of target cells | cytosol nucleus | 41 | |
| 1928858638 | Hydrophobic messengers include the ____ and _____ hormones of animals | steroid thyroid | 42 | |
| 1928858639 | _______ _____(NO) is a gas whose small size allows it to pass between plasma membrane phospholipids. | Nitric Oxide | 43 | |
| 1928858640 | A molecule must either be ______ enough or _____ enough to pass through the phospholipid interior or the plasma membrane | hydrophobic small | 44 | |
| 1928858641 | Activated proteins act as _____ ______ | transcription factors | 45 | |
| 1928858642 | Transcription factors control which ____ are turned on--or transcribed into mRNA. | genes | 46 | |
| 1928858643 | Other _____ ______ are found in the nucleus and bind to the signal molecules there. | intracellular receptors | 47 | |
| 1928858644 | True or False: Most signal molecules are water-soluble and too large to pass through the plasma membrane. | True | 48 | |
| 1928858645 | What are the three major types of membrane receptors? | G-Protein Tyrosine Kinase Ion-Channel | 49 | |
| 1928858646 | A ____-____ ____ consists of a receptor protein associated with a G protein on the cytoplasmic side | G-protein receptor | 50 | |
| 1928858647 | True or False: The G-Protein receptor consists of six alpha helices which span the membrane | False; it consists of seven alpha helices | 51 | |
| 1928858648 | What are some examples of the many different signal molecules that bind to the G-protein receptor? | Yeast mating factors; Epinephrine and many other hormones; neurotransmitters | 52 | |
| 1928858649 | True or False: The G protein acts as an on/off switch | True | 53 | |
| 1928858650 | True or False: If GDP is bound to the G protein, the G protein is active. | False; It is inactive | 54 | |
| 1928858651 | When the ligand bonds to the receptor, the G protein binds ___ and becomes active. | GTP | 55 | |
| 1928858652 | The activated G protein dissociates from the _____ and diffuses along the membrane, where it binds to and enzyme, altering its activity | receptor | 56 | |
| 1928858653 | True or False: The G protein can also act as a GTPase enzyme to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, thus, turning the G protein off. | True | 57 | |
| 1928858654 | G Protein receptors play important roles during ____ development. | embryonic | 58 | |
| 1928858655 | ____ and ____ in humans depend on G-protein receptors | vision smell | 59 | |
| 1928858656 | True or False: Several human diseases involve G-Protein receptors. | True | 60 | |
| 1928858657 | Bacterial infections causing _____ and _____ interfere with G-Protein function. | cholera botulism | 61 | |
| 1928858658 | A _____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups | Kinase | 62 | |
| 1928858659 | the ____-_____ receptor system is especially effective when the cell needs to trigger several signal transduction pathways and cellular responses at once. | Tyrosine-kinase | 63 | |
| 1928858660 | The tyrosine kinase receptor system helps the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell ____ and ______ | growth reproduction | 64 | |
| 1928858661 | True or False: The tyrosine kinase receptor belongs to a major class of membrane receptors that have enzymatic activity | True | 65 | |
| 1928858662 | The cytoplasmic side of these receptors functions as a tyrosine kinase, transferring a _____ group from ATP to tyrosine on a substrate protein. | phosphate | 66 | |
| 1928858663 | An individual tyrosine kinase receptor consists of several parts: | an extracellular signal-binding site, an intracellular tail with several tyrosines, and a single alpha helix spanning the membrane | 67 | |
| 1928858664 | In _____ _____ receptors, the ligands bind to two receptors, causing the two receptors to aggregate and form a dimer | tyrosine kinase | 68 | |
| 1928858665 | The _______ activates the tyrosine-kinase section of the receptors, each of which then adds phosphate from ATP to the tyrosine tail of the other polypeptide | dimerization | 69 | |
| 1928858666 | The fully activated receptor proteins activate a variety of specific relay proteins that bind to specific _________ tyrosine molecules | phosphorylated | 70 | |
| 1928858667 | True or false: One tyrosine-kinase receptor dimer may activate only on intracellular protein | False; it may activate ten or more different intracellular proteins simultaneously | 71 | |
| 1928858668 | A______-_______ ______ ______ is a type of membrane receptor that can act as a gate when the receptor changes shape | ligand-gated ion channel | 72 | |
| 1928858669 | When a _____ binds to the receptor protein, the gate opens to allow the flow of specific ions, such as Na or Ca2+, through a channel in the receptor. | ligand | 73 | |
| 1928858670 | Ion Channel: Binding by a ligand to the extracellular side changes the protein's shape and _____ the channel | opens | 74 | |
| 1928858671 | Ion Channel:When the Ligand dissociates, the channel | closes | 75 | |
| 1928858672 | True or False: A change in ion concentration within the cell will not directly affect the activity of the cell. | False; it will directly affect the activity of the cell | 76 | |
| 1928858673 | Ligand-gated ion channels are very important in the ____ system. | nervous | 77 | |
| 1928858674 | True or False: Some gated ion channels respond to electrical signals, instead of ligands | True | 78 | |
| 1928858675 | The transduction stage of signaling is usually a _______ pathway | multistep | 79 | |
| 1928858676 | Multi-step pathways provide more opportunities for _____ and _____ than do simpler systems | coordination regulation | 80 | |
| 1928858677 | Pathways relay signals from _____ to cellular responses | receptors | 81 | |
| 1928858678 | Cascade:The signal-activated receptor activated another _____, which activates another, and so on, until the protein that produces the final cellular response is activated. | protein | 82 | |
| 1928858679 | The _____ of proteins is a major theme of cell signaling. | interaction | 83 | |
| 1928858680 | Cascade:The relay molecules that relay a signal from receptor to response are mostly _____. | proteins | 84 | |
| 1928858681 | Cascade:The original ______molecule is not passed along the pathway and may not even enter the cell. | signaling | 85 | |
| 1928858682 | Cascade: At each step, the signal is transduced into a different form, often by a confromational change in a protein by ______. | phosphorylation | 86 | |
| 1928858683 | The Phosphorylation of proteins by a _____ ______ is a widespread cellular mechanism for regulation protein activity. | protein kinase | 87 | |
| 1928858684 | Cascade: True or False: Most protein kinases act on other substrate proteins | True | 88 | |
| 1928858685 | Most phosphorylation occurs at either ____ or _____ amino acids of the substrate protein (unlike tyrosine phosphorylation in tyrosine kinases) | Serine Theonine | 89 | |
| 1928858686 | Many of the relay molecules in a signal-transduction pathway are protein kinases that act on other protein kinases to create a | Phosphoylation Cascade | 90 | |
| 1928858687 | Each protein phosphorylation leads to a conformational change because of the interaction between the newly added phosphate group and charged or polary ____ ____ on the protein | amino acids | 91 | |
| 1928858688 | _____ of a protein typically converts it from an inactive form to an active form | Phosphorylation | 92 | |
| 1928858689 | Abnormal activity of protein kinases can cause abnormal cell growth and may contribute to the development of _____ | cancer | 93 | |
| 1928858690 | The responsibility for turning off a signal-transduction pathway belongs to _______ _____ | protein phosphates | 94 | |
| 1928858691 | Protein phosphates rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins though a process called ______ | dephosphorylation | 95 | |
| 1928858692 | ______ also make the protein kinases available for reuse, enabling the cell to respond again to a signal | Phosphatases | 96 | |
| 1928858693 | The activity of a protein regulated by ______ depends on the balance of active kinase molecules and active phosphatase molecules | phosphorylation | 97 | |
| 1928858694 | True or False: Certain signal molecules and ions are key component of signaling pathways. | True | 98 | |
| 1928858695 | Many signaling pathways involve small, water-soluble, nonprotein molecules or ions called___ ______ | second messengers | 99 | |
| 1928858696 | True or False: ___ ____ rapidly diffuse throughout the cell | Second messengers | 100 | |
| 1928858697 | What are the most widely used second messengers? | Cyclic AMP and Ca2+ | 101 | |
| 1928858698 | Binding by epinephrine leads to increases in the cytosolic concentration of ______ | Cyclic AMP | 102 | |
| 1928858699 | Adenylyl cyclase converts ____ to cAMP | ATP | 103 | |
| 1928858700 | Caffine blocks the conversion of cAMP to AMP, maintaining the system in a state of activation in the absence of ______ | epinephrine | 104 | |
| 1928858701 | Many hormones and other signal molecules trigger the formation of _____ | cAMP | 105 | |
| 1928858702 | cAMP diffuses through the cell and activates a serine-threonine kinase called ____ ____ _. | protein kinase a | 106 | |
| 1928858703 | Regulation of cell metabolism is also provided by G-protein systems that inhibit _____ _____ | Adenylyl cyclase | 107 | |
| 1928858704 | Certain ______ cause disease by disrupting G-protein signaling pathways | microbes | 108 | |
| 1928858705 | Treatments for certain human conditions involve ______ ______. | signaling pathways | 109 | |
| 1928858706 | One pathway uses ____ _____ or cGMP, as a signaling molecule. Its effects include the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. | cyclic GMP | 110 | |
| 1928858707 | Many signal molecules in animals induce responses in their responses in their target cells via signal-transduction pathways that increase the ______ concentration of Ca2+ | cytosolic | 111 | |
| 1928858708 | In animal cells, increases in ___ may causes contraction of muscle cells, secretion of certain substances, and cell division. | Ca2+ | 112 | |
| 1928858709 | In plant cells, increases in ___ trigger responses such as the pathway for greening in response to light. | Ca2+ | 113 | |
| 1928858710 | Cells use___ as a second messenger in both G-protein pathways and tyrosine kinase pathways | Ca2+ | 114 | |
| 1928858711 | The Ca2_ concentration in the cytosol is typically much lower than that outside the cell, often by a factor of ______ or more | 10,000 | 115 | |
| 1928858712 | Various _____ _____ transport ca2+ outside the cells or into the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles; the concentration of Ca2+ in the ER is usually much higher than the concentration in the cytosol | protein pumps | 116 | |
| 1928858713 | Because cytosolic Ca2+ is so low, small changes in the absolute numbers of ions causes a relatively large percentage change in ___ concentration | Ca2+ | 117 | |
| 1928858714 | Signal transduction pathways trigger the release of Ca2_ from the cells __ | ER | 118 | |
| 1928858715 | The pathways leading to release involve still other second messengers____ and _____ | DAG IP3 | 119 | |
| 1928858716 | DAG and IP3 are created when a _____ cleaves membrane phopholipid PIP2 | Phopholipase | 120 | |
| 1928858717 | ___ activated a gated-calcium channel, releasing Ca2+ from the ER | IP3 | 121 | |
| 1928858718 | _____ ions activate the next protein in a signal transduction pathway | calcium | 122 | |
| 1928858719 | Epinephrine helps regulate cellular energy metabolism by activating enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of _____ | glycogen | 123 | |
| 1928858720 | The stimulation of _____ breakdown by epinephrine involves a G-protein linked receptor, a G protein, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and several protein kinases before glycogen phosphorylase is activated. | glycogen | 124 | |
| 1928858721 | Other signaling pathways do not regulate the activity of enzymes but the ____ of enzymes or other proteins | synthesis | 125 | |
| 1928858722 | Activated _____ may act as transcription factors that turn specific genes on or off in the nucleus | receptors | 126 | |
| 1928858723 | Elaborate pathways _____ and _____ the cell's response to signals | amplify specify | 127 | |
| 1928858724 | At each catalytic step in a _____, the number of activated products is much greater than in the preceding step | cascade | 128 | |
| 1928858725 | Various types of cells may receive the same signal but produce very different _____ | responses | 129 | |
| 1928858726 | The explanation for specificity is that different kinds of cells have different collections of ____. | proteins | 130 | |
| 1928858727 | A ____ may trigger a single pathway in one cell but trigger a branched pathway in another | signal | 131 | |
| 1928858728 | Two pathways may____ to modulate a single response | converge | 132 | |
| 1928858729 | Rather than relying on diffusion of large relay molecules such as proteins, many signal pathways are linked together physically by ______ ______. | scaffolding proteins | 133 | |
| 1928858730 | The importance of ____ proteins that serve as branch or intersection points in signaling pathways is underscored when these proteins are defective or mission | relay | 134 | |
| 1928858731 | As important as activating mechanisms are _____ mechanisms | inactivation | 135 |
