Mastering Biology
Terms : Hide Images
| signal molecule | ||
| ligand | ||
| transduction | ||
| binding induces changes in the cells that lead to cell fusion. | ||
| involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid. | ||
| signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. | ||
| when the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way. | ||
| estrogen | ||
| steroid | ||
| intracellular | ||
| called receptor tyrosine-kinases. | ||
| testosterone | ||
| at the loop between H5 and H6 | ||
| receptor tyrosine kinases | ||
| By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene. | ||
| signal molecule | ||
| cAMP (cyclic AMP) | ||
| endoplasmic reticula | ||
| Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+ | ||
| amplification | ||
| elevates the cytosolic concentration of cyclic AMP. | ||
| protein kinase | ||
| receptor tyrosine kinase activity | ||
| cAMP | ||
| phospholipase C | ||
| scaffolding protein | ||
| caspases | ||
| irreparable DNA damage or protein misfolding | ||
| ligand-gated ion channel | ||
| dimerization and phosphorylation | ||
| intracellular receptors are present only in target cells | ||
| cAMP | ||
| lysis of the cell | ||
| the molecular details of cell signaling are quite similar in organisms whose last common ancestor was a billion years ago | ||
| hormone | ||
| any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one | ||
| transcription factors | ||
| enzymatic phosphorylation of tyrosine in the receptor protein | ||
| calcium ion and cAMP | ||
| binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor ® G-protein activation ® phospholipase C activation ® IP3 production ® increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration binding of a growth factor to its receptor ® phosphorylation cascade ® activation of transcription factor ® transcription diffusion of a signaling molecule across the plasma membrane ® binding of the signaling molecule to its receptor ® movement of the signal molecule-receptor complex into the nucleus ® transcription binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor ® G-protein activation ® adenylyl cyclase activation ® cAMP production ® protein phosphorylation ~ All of the choices are correct. ~ | ||
| Each step in a cascade produces a large number of activated products, causing signal amplification as the cascade progresses. | ||
| the transduction process is unique to each cell type; to respond to a signal, different cells require only a similar membrane receptor | ||
| controlled cell suicide |
