Ch. 11 Key Concepts: - External signals are converted to responses within the cell. - Reception: A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape. - Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell. - Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities. - Apoptosis (programmed cell death) integrates multiple cell signaling pathways.
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| 2778265774 | signal transduction pathway | a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. | 0 | |
| 2778265775 | local regulators | Messenger molecules secreted by the signaling cell which only travel short distance and influence cells in the local vicinity | 1 | |
| 2835004756 | growth factors | Regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate. | 2 | |
| 2835006159 | paracrine signaling | Type of cell signalling where cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. | 3 | |
| 2835006160 | synaptic signaling | electrical signal along a nerve cell releases chemical signal in form of neurotransmitters and stimulates a cell across synapse | 4 | |
| 2835006161 | hormones | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another | 5 | |
| 2835006782 | reception | The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell. | 6 | |
| 2835006783 | transduction | Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. | 7 | |
| 2835006784 | response | An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus. | 8 | |
| 2835007684 | ligand | Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. | 9 | |
| 2835007685 | G protein-coupled receptor | Ligand binding to a G protein-coupled receptor opens an ion channel or alters the enzymes activity. | 10 | |
| 2835008345 | G protein | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. | 11 | |
| 2835008346 | receptor tyrosine kinases | a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell. | 12 | |
| 2835009116 | ligand-gated ion channel | An ion channel that is opened or closed based on the binding of a specific ligand to the channel. Once opened, the channel allows the ion to cross the plasma membrane according to its concentration gradient. An examples is the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, which, when Ach binds, opens a cation channel in the muscle cell membrane. | 13 | |
| 2835009117 | protein kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein. | 14 | |
| 2835010173 | protein phosphatases | enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, dephosphorylation | 15 | |
| 2835010174 | second messengers | Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion. | 16 | |
| 2835010175 | cyclic AMP | A second messenger derived from ATP and triggers specific cellular changes in metabolic regulation | 17 | |
| 2835010943 | adenylyl cyclase | Converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal. | 18 | |
| 2835011233 | scaffolding proteins | A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction. | 19 | |
| 2835011234 | apoptosis | Process of programmed cell death | 20 |
