The Americas on the Eve of Invasion
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| 102993283 | Indian | misnomer created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of New World implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Amer. that did not exist still used to apply to Native Amer. | 0 | |
| 102993284 | Toltec culture | succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice influenced large territory after 1000 CE declined after 1200 CE | 1 | |
| 102993285 | Topiltzin | religious leader and reformer of hte Toltecs in 10th century dedicatd to god Quetzalcoatl after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula | 2 | |
| 102993286 | Quetzalcoatl | Toltec deity Feathered Serpent adopted by Aztecs as a major god | 3 | |
| 102993287 | Tenochtitlan | founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco became center of Aztec power joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that contolled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica | 4 | |
| 102993288 | Nezhualcoyotl | leading Aztec king of the 15th century | 5 | |
| 102993289 | Huitzilopochtli | Aztec tribal patron god central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare identified with old sun god | 6 | |
| 102993290 | Tlaloc | major god of Aztecs associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle god of rain | 7 | |
| 102993291 | chinampas | beds of aquatic weeks, mud, & earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create 'floating islands' system of irrigated agri. utilized by Aztecs | 8 | |
| 102993292 | pochteca | special merchant class in Aztec society specialized in long distance trade in luxury items | 9 | |
| 102993293 | calpulli | clans in Aztec society later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 10 | |
| 102993294 | Pachacuti | ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471 launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca | 11 | |
| 102993295 | Twantinsuyu | word for Inca Empire region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina | 12 | |
| 102993296 | split inheritance | Inca practice of descent all titles and political power went to successor but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead inca's mummy | 13 | |
| 102993297 | Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center located at cuzco center of state religion held mummmies of past Incas | 14 | |
| 102993298 | mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion all communities were expected to contribute an essential aspect of Inca imperial control | 15 | |
| 102993299 | quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | 16 | |
| 102993300 | Inca socialism | a view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole | 17 | |
| 102993301 | tambos | way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses supply centers for Inca armies on move relay points for system of runners used to carry messages | 18 |
