Chemistry by Nivaldo Tro
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| 341550537 | Liquids | -have high densities in comparison to gases -have an indefinite shape and assume the shape of their container -have a definite volume; they are not easily compressed -moderate strength of intermolecular forces | |
| 341550538 | Solids | -have high densities in comparison to gases -have a definte shape; they do not assume the shape of their container -may be crytalline or amorphous -strong intermolecular forces (IMF) | |
| 341550539 | Gas | -has low density -has indefiniete shape -has indefinite volume -weak IMF | |
| 341550540 | Crystalline solid | -the arrangement of the particles displays long-range order | |
| 341550541 | Amorphous solid | -the arrangement of the particles has no long range order | |
| 341550542 | Intermolecular Forces (IMF) | -originate from the interactions between charges, partial charges and temporary charges on molecules (or atoms or ions) -generally weaker than bonding forces | |
| 341550543 | Dispersion (London) forces | -present in all molecules and atoms -the result of fluctuations in the electron distribution within molecules or atoms | |
| 341550544 | Dipole-Dipole Force | -exist in all molecules that are polar | |
| 341550545 | Miscibility | the ability to mix without separating into two phases | |
| 341550546 | Hydrogen bonding | polar molecules containing hydrogen atoms bonded directly to small electronegative atoms (most importantly N-O-F) | |
| 341550547 | Ion-dipole force | occurs when an ionec compound is mixed with a polar compound and is especially important in aqueous solutions of ionic compounds -the stronges of the types of IMF -responsible for the ability of ionic sumbstances to form solutions with water. | |
| 341550548 | Surface tension | -the energy required to increase the surface area by a unit amount of liquid -decreases with decreasing IMF | |
| 341550549 | Viscosity | -the resistance of a liquid to flow -greater in substances with stronger IMF -it increases with increasing molar mass -decreases with increasing temperature | |
| 341550550 | Capillary Action | the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity up a narrow tube | |
| 341550551 | Adhesive forces | the attraction between molecules and the surface of the tube | |
| 341550552 | cohesive forces | the attraction between molecules in a liquid | |
| 341550553 | Vaporization | the phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid into a gas -endothermic | |
| 341550554 | condensation | the change from the gaseous to the liquid state of matter -exothermic | |
| 341550555 | volatile | liquids that vaporize easily | |
| 341550556 | nonvolatile | liquids that do not vaporize easily | |
| 341550557 | rate of vaporization | increases with increasing temperature -increases with increasing surface area -increases with decreasing strength of IMF | |
| 341550558 | vapor pressure | the pressure of gas in dynamic equillibrium | |
| 341550559 | boiling point | the temprerature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure | |
| 341550560 | critical temperature | represents the temperature above which the liquid cannot exist (regardless of pressure) | |
| 341550561 | supercritical fluids | has properties of both liquids and gases | |
| 341550562 | sublimation | the phase transition from solid to gas | |
| 341550563 | deposition | the phase transition from gas to solid | |
| 341550564 | melting point | the molecules have enough thermal energy to overcome the IMF that hold them at their stationary points -solid to liquid | |
| 341550565 | freezing point | the phase transition from liquid to solid | |
| 341550566 | phase diagram | a map of the phase of a substance as a function of pressure and temperature. |
