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| 279029535 | The endocrine system is a system of.... | communication and control | |
| 279029536 | Endocrine glands secrete where? | into the blood | |
| 279029537 | Exocrine glands secrete where? | on to body surfaces or cavities through ducts | |
| 279029538 | EndocrinE glands secrete what? | hormones | |
| 279029539 | Cells acted on by hormones are called what? | target organ cells | |
| 279029540 | Nonsteroid hormones bind to what? | receptors on the target cell membrane | |
| 279029541 | First messenger hormones do what? | send chemical message from endocrine gland to a specific receptor on the cell of a target organ | |
| 279887430 | Nonsteroid hormones serve as a first messenger to communicate between what? | enndocrine glands and target organs | |
| 279887431 | Steroid hormones bind to receptors where, and do what? | within the target cell nucleus and act on the cells DNA | |
| 279887432 | Regulation of hormone secretion is controlled by what? | homeostasis feedback (balance) and negative feedback loops (to reverse something) and positive feedback | |
| 279887433 | Negative feedback example. | blood sugar levels increasing after a meal, pancreas releasing insulin to lower blood sugar levels, insulin causing it to drop, pancreas stops releasing insulin. | |
| 279887434 | Positive feedback does what to changes? | amplify reather than revese them | |
| 279887435 | Positive feedback example. | regulation of the secretion of the hormone oxytocin to stimulate increased contractions during labor so birth can occur. | |
| 279887436 | Hypersecretion | excesssive secretion of hormone | |
| 279887437 | Hyposecretion | insufficient secretion of hormone | |
| 279887438 | Polyendocrine disorder | hypo or hyper secretion of more than one hormone | |
| 279887439 | Target cell insensitivity | similar to hyposecretion in that cells receive less hormone | |
| 279887440 | Prostoglandins are also called what? | tissue hormones, they are found in many body tissues and used on nearby cells | |
| 279887441 | Prostoglandins influence what body systems | respirations, blood pressures, gastrointestinal secretions, and reproduction | |
| 279887442 | Three sections the pituitary gland is divided into. | anterior, posterior, and stalk | |
| 279887443 | Pituitary gland | works together as two glands | |
| 279887444 | Anterior pituitary gland is also known as | adenohypophysis | |
| 279887445 | Posterior pituitary gland is also known as | neurohypophysis | |
| 279887446 | Anterior pituitary gland has the structure of? | an adrenal gland | |
| 279887447 | Posterior pituitary gland has the structure of? | nervous tissue | |
| 279887448 | The stalk of the pituitary gland attaches the gland where? | the undersurface of the brain | |
| 279887449 | Anterior pituitary hormones | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, and Prolactin | |
| 279887450 | TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone | |
| 279887451 | ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone | |
| 279887452 | FSH | follicle stimulating hormone | |
| 279887453 | TSH does what? | stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormone | |
| 279887454 | ACTH does what? | stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and stimulates secretion of glucocoticoids | |
| 279887455 | FSH does what? | initiates growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary, stimulates follicle to mature and ovulate, stimulates estrogen secretion, and stimulates sperm production in males | |
| 279887456 | LH | Lutenizing hormone | |
| 279887457 | LH does what? | Acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretionand follicle maturity, causes ovulation, and causes testes to secrete testosterone in males | |
| 279887458 | GH | Growth hormone | |
| 279887459 | GH does what? | Stimulates growth | |
| 279887460 | Gigantism | Hypersecretion of GH during childhood | |
| 279887461 | Acromegaly | Hypersecretion of GH in adulthood | |
| 279887462 | Dwarfism | Hyposecretion of GH in childhood | |
| 279887463 | Prolactin does what? | Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after delivery of a baby | |
| 279887464 | Posterior pituitary gland hormones. | ADH, and Oxytocin | |
| 279887465 | ADH | Antidiuretic hormones | |
| 279887466 | Oxytocin does what? | Stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract, may start labor, and cause glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts | |
| 279887467 | ADH does what? | Accelerates water reabsorption from urine to decrease urin secretion, and hypocsecretion | |
| 279887468 | Hyposecretion of ADH causes what? | Diabetes insipidus (excessive volumes of urine) | |
| 279887469 | The hypothalamus produces what? | ADH and Oxytocin | |
| 279887470 | Hormones produced in the hypothalamus are sent where? | posterior pituitary gland | |
| 279887471 | ADH and oxytocin are controlled by what? | nervous stimulation | |
| 279887472 | The hypothalamus controls what body functions? | body temperature, appetite, and thirst | |
| 279887473 | Thyroid gland hormones. | Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothronune (T3) | |
| 279887474 | T3 and T4 increase what? | metabolism | |
| 279887475 | Hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of thyroid hormones | |
| 279887476 | Hyperthyroidism is characterized by what? | restlessness and exopthalmos | |
| 279887477 | Graves disease | inherited hyperthyroidism | |
| 279887478 | Hypothyroidism | hyposecretion of thyroid hormones | |
| 279887479 | Goiter | painless enlargement of thyroid gland cased by lack of iodine in the diet | |
| 279887480 | Myxedema | hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during adulthood | |
| 279887481 | Cretinism | hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during early development causing retardation | |
| 279887482 | Calcitonin | decreases blood calcium by stopping bone breakdown | |
| 279887483 | Parathyroid gland hormone | parathyroid hormone | |
| 279887484 | Parathyroid hormone does what? | increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone and release of calcium in the blood | |
| 279887485 | Adrenal gland parts | Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla | |
| 279887486 | Adrenal cortex | outer layer of adrenal gland | |
| 279887487 | Adrenal medulla | middle of adrenal gland | |
| 279887488 | Adrenal cortex hormones | glucocorticoids, minera corticoids, and sex hormones | |
| 279887489 | Glucocorticoids are | maily cortisol (hydrocortisone) | |
| 279887490 | Glucocorticoids do what? | helps maintain normal blood glucose, and normal blood pressure by vasoconstriction, acts as anti-inflammatory aid in inflammation, produces anti-immunity and anti-allergen effects, and assists the body with stress response | |
| 279887491 | Mineral corticoids | mainly aldosterone | |
| 279887492 | Mineral corticoids do what? | accellerate absorption (similar to ADH) | |
| 279887493 | Adrenal medulla hormones | epinepherine (adrenaline), and norepinepherine | |
| 279887494 | Adrenal hormones funtions | to help the body resist stress | |
| 279887495 | Frist response to stress | incereases epinepherine secretion | |
| 279887496 | Adrenal abnormalities | hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, hypersecretion of adrenal androgens, and hypersecretion of cortical hormones | |
| 279887497 | Cushings syndrome | hypersecretion of glucocoticoids | |
| 279887498 | Symptoms of Cushings syndrome | moonface, hump on back, elevated blood sugar and frequent infections | |
| 279887499 | Virilizing tumor | causes hypersecretion of adrenal androgens causing masculinization of women | |
| 279887500 | Addisons disease | caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones causing muscle weakness, reduced blood sugar, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss | |
| 279887501 | Pancreatic Islets hormones | glucagon and insulin (they are antagonists) | |
| 279887502 | Glucagon | blood glucose level, converts glycogen to glucose in the liver | |
| 279887503 | Insulin | decreases blood glucose by moving glucose out of the blood and into cells | |
| 279887504 | Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | results from hyposecretion of insulin | |
| 279887505 | Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | results from target cell insensitivity,glucose cannot enter the cells so blood glucose rises, when glucose levels rise over 180 mg/dl, glycosuria (glucose in urine) occurs | |
| 279887506 | Female sex glands | Ovaries | |
| 279887507 | Ovaries consist of | ovarian follicles and corpus luteum | |
| 279887508 | Estrogen | the feminizing hormone | |
| 279887509 | Effects of estrogen | development of breasts and external genitals, development of female body contours and initiation of menstrual cycle | |
| 279887510 | Male sex glands | Testes | |
| 279887511 | Interstitial cells of the testes secrete what | testosterone | |
| 279887512 | Effects of testosterone | maturation of external genitals, beard growth, voice change at puberty, and development of male musculature and body contours | |
| 279887513 | Thymus hormone | thymosin | |
| 279887514 | Thymosin does what? | Plays an important role in development and function of immune system | |
| 279887515 | Placenta hormones | chorionic gonadotropins, estrogen, and progesterone | |
| 279887516 | Chorionic gonadotrophins and estrogen funtion | maintain corpus luteum during pregnancy | |
| 279887517 | Pineal gland is also known as | The third eye | |
| 279887518 | Where is the pineal gland? | near the middle of the brain | |
| 279887519 | Pineal gland hormone | melatonin | |
| 279887520 | Melatonin does what? | inhibits ovarian activity, and regulates the body's internal clock | |
| 279887521 | Abnormal secretion of melatonin may produce | Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) or winter depression | |
| 279887522 | The pineal gland is what? | a small gland, glandular tissues in children, becomes fibrous and calcified as we age, influenced by the amount of light entering the eye | |
| 279887523 | What organs produce endocrine hormones? | stomach, intestines and kidneys | |
| 279887524 | Atrial Natriuetic hormone | produced by the artial wall of the heart, stimulates sodium loss from kidneys | |
| 279887525 | Fat storing cells | secret leptin | |
| 279887526 | Leptin does what? | controls how hungry or full we feel |
