World Civilizations: The Global Experience 6th Edition
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| 529562905 | Indian | Misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous American peoples; implies social and ethnic commonalty that did not exist among Native Americans; still used to describe Native Americans. | 0 | |
| 529562906 | Toltecs | -Chief civilizations that followed the fall of Teotihuacan and the abandonment of the classic Maya cities in the 8th century C.E - These new civilizations built on the accomplishments of their predecessors but rarely surpassed them except in political and military organization. -Culture: Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E. | 1 | |
| 529562907 | Aztecs | -Chief civilizations that followed the fall of Teotihuacan and the abandonment of the classic Maya cities in the 8th century C.E - These new civilizations built on the accomplishments of their predecessors but rarely surpassed them except in political and military organization. | 2 | |
| 529562908 | Tenochtitlan | -Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica -Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305) | 3 | |
| 529562909 | Pipiltin | Nobility in Aztec society; formed by intermarriage of Aztecs with peoples tracing lineage back to the Toltecs. | 4 | |
| 529562910 | Tlacaelel | -Advisor to Aztec rulers from 1427 to 1480; had histories of Mexico rewritten; expanded cult of human sacrifice as effective means of political terror -Principle architect of Aztec Triple Alliance. Burned other societies texts to eliminate pre-aztec life; helped expand Aztec empire | 5 | |
| 529562911 | Huitzilopochtli | Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god | 6 | |
| 529562912 | Calpulli | Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 7 | |
| 529562913 | Chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs | 8 | |
| 529562914 | Pochteca | Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items | 9 | |
| 529562915 | Inca Socialism | -A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole. -An interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole. | 10 | |
| 529562916 | Twantinsuyu | Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina | 11 | |
| 529562917 | Inca | Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. | 12 | |
| 529562918 | Pachacuti | Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca | 13 | |
| 529562919 | Topac Yupanqui | Pachacuti's son and successor from 1471 to 1493; conquered northern coastal kingdom of Chimor by seizing it's irrigation system; extended Inca control into the southern area of what is now Ecuador. -, Inca ruler (1471-1493); extended his father's conquests; seized the northern coastal kingdom of Chimor and pushed into Equador. | 14 | |
| 529562920 | Huayna Capac | the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525) | 15 | |
| 529562921 | Split Inheritance | Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy. | 16 | |
| 529562922 | Temple of the Sun | Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas | 17 | |
| 529562923 | Curacas | local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty | 18 | |
| 529562924 | Tambos | Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages | 19 | |
| 529562925 | Mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. | 20 | |
| 529562926 | Quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records | 21 | |
| 529562927 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 22 | |
| 529562928 | Anasazi | a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings | 23 | |
| 529562929 | Hopewell | Native American culture which centered in the Ohio valley from 200 to 500 C.E.; known for earthen burial and defensive mounds. | 24 | |
| 529562930 | Pochteca | Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items | 25 | |
| 529562931 | "Flowery Death" | Death while taking prisoners for the sacrificial knife. It was a fitting end to a noble life and ensured eternity in the highest heaven. (A reward also promised to women who died in childbirth) | 26 | |
| 529562932 | Tihuanaco and Huari | large centers for regional chiefdoms between 300 and 900 C.E. located in southern Peru; had large ceremonial centers supported by extensive irrigated agriculture; center for the spread of religious and artistic symbols all over Andean zone. | 27 | |
| 529562933 | Metates | Stone boards used for grinding corn by hand. Most of this very labor intensive process was done by women, often for many hours a day. | 28 | |
| 529562934 | Viracucha | Supreme creation god of the Incas. | 29 | |
| 529562935 | Huacas | Sacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies. Local gods of the Andes | 30 | |
| 529562936 | Yanas | A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the inca or the Inca nobility. | 31 |
