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| 11002318493 | Renaissance | The "rebirth" of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c.1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the 12th century | 0 | |
| 11002318500 | Individualism | Emphasis on the interest in unique traits of each person | 1 | |
| 11002318501 | Secularism | The process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance | 2 | |
| 11002318503 | Humanism | An intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of Greek and Roman classics. Also a philosophy which states that humans are the ut-most important thing | 3 | |
| 11002318505 | Neoplatonism (Ladder) | Taught that humans could elevate themselves or move up and down the hierarchy of spiritual beings (the ladder). Man is divine. | 4 | |
| 11002318506 | Hermeticism (Onion) | Taught divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature and you could peel away the layers of humanity and ignorance to reach divinity. Man is divine. | 5 | |
| 11002318507 | New monarchies | The governments that reestablished centralized royal authority, suppressed the nobility, controlled the church, and gained the loyalty of the people living in their territories. Achieved worldwide unification and rapid economic growth throughout Europe. | 6 | |
| 11002318508 | Nepotism | The appointment of family members to important political positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews (Latin, nepos) by renaissance popes | 7 | |
| 11002318510 | Linear perspective | A type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon. | 8 | |
| 11002318511 | Naturalism/realism | centered on man instead of God; when the artist tried to make their subjects look realistic | 9 | |
| 11002318512 | Hanseatic League | Northern German towns that formed a economic and military association to protect mutual trading interests. Helped trade recover after its decline in the 14th century. | 10 | |
| 11002318513 | Medici Family | Powerful family in Florence known as the greatest bank in Europe and controlled interests in wool, silk, and mining industries. Funded the arts and political development of Florence. | 11 | |
| 11002318514 | Peace of Lodi and Balance of Power | Ended half-century of war, created an alliance system that led to balance of power and peace within Italy. Alliance between Milan Florence and Naples versus Palpal states and Venice. | 12 | |
| 11002318517 | Northern Renaissance Artists | Emphasis on illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel paintings for altarpieces. Masters at details. | 13 | |
| 11002318520 | Taille | annual direct tax on land or property | 14 | |
| 11002318521 | "War of the Roses" | Period of civil wars in England. House of Lancaster against House of York in competition for the English throne. The Tudor dynasty emerged. | 15 | |
| 11002318522 | Court of Star Chamber | Controlled irresponsible activity of the nobles, created by King Henry 7. English court of law that allowed the use of torture to extract confessions and didn't depend on juries. SUPPRESSED NOBILITY. | 16 | |
| 11002318523 | Habsburgs | Wealthy landholders in the Holy Roman Empire, plays important role in 15th century european politics | 17 | |
| 11002318525 | Lollardy | Founder John Wycliff. Belief that bible should be Christians sole authority, all practices not mentioned in Bible were rejected. Wanted to limit palpal power and allow everyone to read the bible. | 18 | |
| 11002318526 | Sacrosancta (Passed by council of constance to help reform the church and take away palpal power) | Stated that a general council of the church received its authority from God; hence every christian, pope included, was subject to its authority | 19 | |
| 11002318527 | Frequens (Passed by council of constance to help reform the church and take away palpal power) | Provided for the regular holding of general councils to ensure church reform would continue | 20 | |
| 11002318528 | Execrabilis | a papal bill decreeing that requests to a council OVER the pope was heretical, Saying that if you believe in Sacrosancta, you are a heretic. | 21 | |
| 11002481687 | Burckhardt | Swiss historian who wrote "The civilization of the Renaissance In Italy" which portrayed Italy as the birth place of individuality and disregarded religion ensuring that Italy was recognized for first manifesting the Renaissance and associated the Renaissance with secularism. | 22 | |
| 11002574728 | Castiglione | Wrote "The Book of the Courtier" which was a handbook for all European aristocrats and nobles would follow these principles for years to come. Nobles were expected to posses fundamental native endowments (grace), cultivate achievements (education and militarily), and follow a standard of conduct (remain modest). | 23 | |
| 11002613811 | Slavery | Made its return In Italy after the Black Death. Slaves were used as nursemaids, playmates, or concubines. This increase in slavery allowed slave trade and transportation of slaves to become a huge market for Italian merchants. | 24 | |
| 11002628628 | Dowry | Money presented to the husband by the wife and her family upon marriage. The larger amount of money the higher the bride's social status would raise. Separated social classes and strengthened business/family ties while allowing people to marry into other classes. | 25 | |
| 11002654708 | Sforza family | Dynasty and ruling family of Italy, like the Medicis. Devised a tax system that granted the government income. Francesco Sforza became duke of Milan and ruled the Sforza dynasty rules the city for nearly a century. | 26 | |
| 11002684673 | Isabella d'Este | Famous Renaissance ruling woman known for ruling Mantua after her husband's death. She gathered intellectuals and artists in the Mantuan court to help assemble one of Italy's most renowned libraries. | 27 | |
| 11002732004 | Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" and was well known for his political activity. His book stated his concerns with Italy's political problems and claimed a Prince should act strictly on behalf of the state and emphasized secularism. He was one of the first to abandon the idea that a prince should rule using Christian moral principles which changed the way analyzed political activity. | 28 | |
| 11002774296 | Bruni | Wrote "New Cicero" in attempts to persuade humanists to apply their studies of the humanities to serve the state. He believed intellectuals had a duty to live an active life for their state. | 29 | |
| 11002864882 | Giovanni Pico della Mirandola | Wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" which was God's revelation to humanity. Stated that humans have endless potential and preached Hermeticism. Man has all the will power to become anything he wishes within nature. | 30 | |
| 11002895644 | Vittorino da Feltre | Stressed the importance of a humanist education and combined the classics and christianity to provide the basis for all educational systems throughout Europe. Took PE and liberal studies seriously. | 31 | |
| 11002920457 | Johann Gutenberg | Invented moveable-type the printing press which increased popularity in books and increased the educational power of Europeans. | 32 | |
| 11002938265 | Masaccio | Used realism and experimented with mathematical ways to create perspective in his artwork (very Italian Renaissance). | 33 | |
| 11002955995 | Botecelli | Included Greco-Roman culture and mythology in his artwork which showed the diversity of art during this era (compared to Masaccio) | 34 | |
| 11002977974 | Donatello's "David" | Created the bronze David that depicted antiquity and the dignity of man and idealism (humanistic traits). | 35 | |
| 11002997066 | Brunelleschi | Architect inspired by Roman antiquity to create a dome for Florence's Cathedral and his architecture reflected humans and inspired other architects. | 36 | |
| 11003013903 | Da Vinci | Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Reintroduced experimental traditions and studied nature/anatomy. Idealized nature and wanted to reveal a person's inner life through his work. Portrayed realistic yet ideal work while using perspective. | 37 | |
| 11003035365 | Raphael | Madonnas (paintings) that showed idealism and beauty that surpassed human standards. | 38 | |
| 11003046777 | Michaelangelo | Influenced by neoplatonism, he proclaimed the beauty and divinity of human beings. Painted the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City which reflects divine beauty and teaches that the more ideal the body, the more divine the figure is. | 39 | |
| 11003068280 | Jan van Eyck | Created a new type of art using oil based paints to layer colors on top of one another and to provide extreme detail. Lacked perspective but instead created realism through detail and observation (Northern). Created Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride which was extremely secular but still included some religious aspects. | 40 | |
| 11003086314 | Druer | Northern painter that was also influenced by Italians. Used perspective proportion as well as detail in The Adoration of the Magi and he achieved ideal beauty by careful examination of the human form (observation). This painting included both Italian and Northern techniques. | 41 | |
| 11003107922 | Madrigals | Musical composition set to a short poem usually about love. Common in Renaissance music. | 42 | |
| 11003147558 | Charles 7 of France | Drove the English out of France and est. a strong royal army. He secured a 5 year truce with England and ensured that palpal control of the French would be limited. | 43 | |
| 11003168896 | Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | Charles 7 statement that asserted supremacy of a council over the pope and restricted the pope's rights and made him subject to the king's will. King was allowed to appoint his own French bishops which created conflict between the King and the pope. | 44 | |
| 11003190162 | King Louis 11 (Spider King) | Secured a regular source of income (taille becoming a permanent tax imposed by royal authority). He also increased income tax in France. | 45 | |
| 11003226538 | Isabella and Ferdinand | Took the aristocrats out of the royal council and related them with middle-class intellectuals which helped to suppress the nobility. Strengthened royal control through marriage and unification, and stressed the Catholic Church through the Spanish Inquisition. | 46 | |
| 11003246257 | Hermandades | popular groups in Spanish towns given royal authority to serve as local police forces with the goal of reducing aristocratic violence. Helped Isabella and Ferdinand exert their royal authority through Spain's military. | 47 | |
| 11003255935 | Spanish Inquisition | Converted Jews and Muslims to Catholicism or exiled them (also exiled protestants). Helped them unify Spain through religion and economically helped Spain as wealth was confiscated from exiled Jews. (Conversos were Jews who converted to Catholicism but they were still looked upon as outcasts, discriminated against, and were unable to hold public offices or testify against Spanish Christians in courts of law) | 48 | |
| 11003276350 | Council of Constance | the council that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church by accepting the resignation of the other two popes and electing Pope Martin 5. Wanted to end the Great Schism, End the Hierarchy and End corruption (unsuccessful). | 49 | |
| 11003316225 | John Hus | burned at the stake at Council of Constance or his unorthodox beliefs that the clergy was corrupt and palpal power should be limited. Proves the church did not want to reform. | 50 | |
| 11003368743 | Pope Julius 2 | involved in war and politics. Personally led armies and reconstructed St. Peters Basilica (led to unjust sale of indulgences). | 51 | |
| 11003377734 | Pope Leo 10 | Invested in art and Renaissance culture causing Rome to become an artistic center of the Renaissance. | 52 |
