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| 13702761263 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | 0 | |
| 13702761264 | Salons helped to spread | Enlightenment thinking | 1 | |
| 13702764654 | First, Second, Third Estates | These were the social divisions within L'Ancien Regime. First - Clergy; Second - aristocracy; Third - merchant class,professionals, manufacturers, urban workers and peasants(i.e. everyone who wasn't in First or Second Estate). A person's individual, legal rights and personal prestige depended on category to which one belonged. By 1780s this structure in France was becoming politically and socially obsolete because of the changing structure of society and the economy. | 2 | |
| 13702764655 | Bastille | Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution. | 3 | |
| 13702768204 | Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. | 4 | |
| 13702774013 | Social Contract | A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. | 5 | |
| 13702777396 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 6 | |
| 13702781316 | Baron Montesquieu | Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers | 7 | |
| 13702783891 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | 8 | |
| 13702786012 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 9 | |
| 13702786013 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 10 | |
| 13702791347 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 11 | |
| 13702794602 | Archduke Maximilian | Austrian; appointed by Napoeleon III of France to rule Mexico as a puppet emperor from 1862-1867 | 12 | |
| 13702794603 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | 13 | |
| 13702797395 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). | 14 | |
| 13702797396 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 15 | |
| 13702800595 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. | 16 | |
| 13702800596 | Realpolitik | realistic politics based on the needs of the state | 17 | |
| 13702806225 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | 18 | |
| 13702806226 | Wealth of Nations | British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics. | 19 | |
| 13702811196 | Fabian Society | Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change. | 20 |
