chapter 12 key terms for The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History (Third Edition) (Advanced Placement Edition) by Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, and Northrup.
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| 78995168 | Mongols | From 1200 to 1500 C.E., they ruled pretty much all of Asia. Their supreme leader was called Genghis Khan. | 0 | |
| 78995169 | Genghis Khan | Literal meaning is "supreme leader." In 1206 the Mongols and their allies acknowledged Temujin with this name. | 1 | |
| 78995170 | Nomadism | The way of life that gave rise to imperial expansion only occasionally. A precise assessment of the personal contributions of Genghis Khan and his followers remains uncertain. | 2 | |
| 78995171 | Yuan Empire | The empire founded by Khubilai Khan in 1271. In 1265, Khubilai had declared himself Great Khan, but the descendants of Jagadai and other branches of the family refused to accept him. | 3 | |
| 78995172 | Bubonic Plage | It festered in southwestern China since the early Tang period. In the mid-thirteenth century Mongol troops established a garrison in Yunnan whose military and supply traffic provdied the means for flea-infested rats to carry the plague into Central China. | 4 | |
| 78995173 | Il Khan | The state established by Genghis's grandon Hülegü. By 1260, it controlled parts of Armenia and all of Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran. | 5 | |
| 78995174 | Golden Horde | The Khanate referring to the Mongols who had conquered southern Russia, settled north of the Caspian Sea, and established their capital at Sarai on the Volga River. There they established dominance over the indigenous Muslim Turkic population, both settled and pastoral. | 6 | |
| 78995175 | Timur | The leader of the Central Asian Khanate of Jagadai, known to Europeans as Tamerlane, who skillfully maneuvered himself into command of the Jagadai forces and launched campaigns into western Eurasia, apparently seeing himself as a new Genghis Khan. | 7 | |
| 78995176 | Rashid al-Din | Ghazan's prime minister whose inspiration was the historian Juvaini. His work included the earliest known general history of Europe, derived from conversations with European monks, and a detailed description of China based on information from an important Chinese Muslim official stationed in Iran. | 8 | |
| 78995177 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | A Shi'ite scholar who represented the beginning of Mongol interest in the scientific traditions of the Muslim lands. He wrote on history, poetry, ethics, and religion, but made his most outstanding contributions in mathematics and cosmology. | 9 | |
| 78995178 | Alexander Nevskii | The prince of Novgorod, living from 1220 to 1263, who persuaded some fellow princes to submit to the Mongols. In return, the Mongols favored both Novgorod and the emerging town of Moscow, ruled by Alexander's son Daniel. | 10 | |
| 78995179 | Tsar | The title, from "caesar" of Byzantine origin, which applied only to foreign rulers, whether the emperors of Byzantium or the Turkic Khans of the steppe. Ivan's use of the title, which began early in his reign, probably represents an effort to establish a basis for legitimate rule with the decline of the Golden Horde and disappearance of the Byzantine Empire. | 11 | |
| 78995180 | Ottoman Empire | The most long-lived of the post-Mongol Muslim epires that grew from a tiny nucleus in 1300 to encompass most of southeastern Europe by the late fifteenth century. The empire resembled the new centralized monarchies of France and Spain more than any medieval model. | 12 | |
| 78995181 | Khubilai Khan | He gave his oldest son a Chinese name and had Confucianists participate in the boy's education. In public announcements and the crafting of laws, he took Confucian conventions into consideration. | 13 | |
| 78995182 | Lamas | The teachings of Buddhist priests from Tibet. It became increasingly popular with some Mongol rulers in the 1200s and 1300s. | 14 | |
| 78995183 | Beijing | The Yuan capital that became the center of cultural and economic life. It served as the eastern terminus of the caravan routes that began near Tabriz, the Il-Khan capital, and (Old) Sarai, the Golden Horde capital. | 15 | |
| 78995184 | Ming Empire | They receive much praise from people who ascribe the central importance to Chinese traditions. However, others see the Ming as less dynamic and productive than the Yuan. | 16 | |
| 78995185 | Yongle | Before being emperor from 1403 to 1424, he was an imperial power who eventually seized power through a coup d'état. He returned the capital to Beijing, enlarging and improving Khubilai's imperial complex. | 17 | |
| 78995186 | Zheng He | A Muslim whose father and grandfather had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. He had a good knowledge of the Middle East; and his religion eased relations with the states of the Indian subcontinent, where he directed his first three voyages. | 18 | |
| 78995187 | Yi | They established a new kingdom in 1392 with a capital in Seoul and sought to restablish a local identity. Like Russia and China after the Mongols, they publicly rejected the period of Mongol domination. | 19 | |
| 78995188 | Kamikaze | "The wind of the Gods" which drove away the Mongols during their attack of Jaan in 1281. This "wind of the Gods" was a typhoon that struck and sank perhaps half of the Mongol ships. | 20 | |
| 78995189 | Ashikaga Shogunate | They were given a threat warning by the Mongols in 1338. The Ashikaga Shogunate then took control at the imperial center of Kyoto. | 21 |
